Thermodynamic terms

In thermodynamic terms the equilibrium constant is related to the standard chemical potential by the equation... 

Latimer, 1952). Therefore all applied oxidants are, in thermodynamic terms, able to oxidize or to dehydrogenate all hydrocarbons and all oxidizable functional groups of organic molecules. 

The diffusion coefficient, sometimes called the diffusivity, is the kinetic term that describes the speed of movement. The solubiHty coefficient, which should not be called the solubiHty, is the thermodynamic term that describes the amount of permeant that will dissolve ia the polymer. The solubiHty coefficient is a reciprocal Henry s Law coefficient as shown ia equation 3. 

The auto-acceleration effect appears most marked with polymers that are insoluble in their monomers. In these circumstances the radical end becomes entrapped in the polymer and termination reactions become very difficult. It has been suggested that, in thermodynamic terms, methyl methacrylate is a relatively poor solvent for poly(methyl methacrylate) because it causes radicals to coil while in solution. The termination reaction is then determined by the rate at which the radical ends come to the surface of the coil and hence become available for mutual termination. 

The distribution, in thermodynamic terms, is said to be "energy driven."... 

Expressing equation (21) in thermodynamic terms using the conventional terms for the standard free energy. 

The explosion process can also be described in thermodynamic terms. In this approach, the states of the gases before the beginning and after the completion of... 

Chemical reaction equilibrium calculations are structured around another thermodynamic term called tlie free energy. Tliis so-callcd free energy G is a property that also cannot be defined easily without sonic basic grounding in tlicmiodynamics. However, no such attempt is made here, and the interested reader is directed to tlie literature. " Note that free energy has the same units as entlialpy and internal energy and may be on a mole or total mass basis. Some key equations and information is provided below. 

For a review of these thermodynamic terms, see Barrow and/or Nash. 

We can classify blends into three categories miscible, partially miscible, and immiscible. Miscibility can be defined in thermodynamic terms. For a binary blend to be miscible the following two conditions should be satisfied ... 

In thermodynamic terms, a spontaneous reaction AG < 0) may proceed only slowly without enzymes because of a large activation energy (EJ. Adding enzymes to the system does not change the free energy of either the substrates or products (and thus does not alter the AG of the reaction) but it does lower the activation energy and increase the rate of the reaction. 

At each phase boundary there exists a thermodynamic equilibrium between the membrane surface and the respective adjacent solution. The resulting thermodynamic equilibrium potential can then be treated like a Donnan-potential if interfering ions are excluded from the membrane phase59 6,). This means that the ion distributions and the potential difference across each interface can be expressed in thermodynamic terms. 

HBr to yield bromoethane, which has A5° = -0.332 kJ/(K mol), is an example Table 5.2 describes the thermodynamic terms more fully. 

The various thermodynamic terms for the formation of 1 1 complexes of transition metals with 1,2-diaminoethane are presented in Table 8-2. 

The solubility parameter is close to the square root of internal pressure, a thermodynamic term that is directly obtained from PVT measurement of the blends. 

It is clear that the Galvani potential, A (p, which is an electrostatic quantity, cannot be identified with the thermodynamic term called the electrode potential. 

Many chromatographic systems show linear relationships between the logarithm of the capacity factor and the reciprocal of the column temperature (van t Hoff plots) [255,258-261]. In thermodynamic terms the interaction of the solute with the stationary phase can be described by... 

In thermodynamic terms, solutes can be divided into two classes. For hydrophobic solutes in dilute solution in water, the partial Gibbs free energy of solution is positive. This is because water molecules that surround a less polar molecule in solution are more restricted in... 

One way to describe the interaction between two polymers is through their interaction parameter, The interaction parameter is a thermodynamic term which encompasses the... 

These quantities provide another manner of expressing the rate constant in thermodynamic terms. 

We see the addition of a thermodynamic term to Equation 17.5 gives the net reaction rate, and hence a rate law of more general use in geochemical modeling than a law describing only forward reaction. 

Experimental studies of Methanosarcina and current understanding of the organism s metabolic pathway allow us to estimate the parameters in the thermodynamic term (Qusheng Jin, personal communication). The methanogens conserve about 24 kJ (mol acetate)-1, so we set AGp to 48 kJ mol-1 and m to one half. A double proton translocation occurs within the central metabolic pathway, furthermore, so, if we take these as the rate limiting steps, the average stoichiometric number / is two. 

As stated previously, the total normal cytoplasmic free copper concentration is less than 10 18 M or less than one copper ion per cell. In thermodynamic terms, almost all hydrated copper ions are immediately and tightly coordinated by amino acids or biopolymers—peptides, proteins, and other species with free sulfur ligands. An excess of copper ions activates metallothionein synthesis for storage or removal of the excess. Copper chaperones mediate transfer of copper ions from extracellular or storage locations to their target proteins. Instability of copper ion concentrations in vivo results in various disease states. Three of these—FALS, Menkes, and Wilson s diseases—are described below. 

In mixtures of real gases the ideal gas law does not hold. The chemical potential of A of a mixture of real gases is defined in terms of the fugacity of the gas, fA. The fugacity is, as discussed in Chapter 2, the thermodynamic term used to relate the chemical potential of the real gas to that of the (hypothetical) standard state of the gas at 1 bar where the gas is ideal ... 

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