Vaccine controlled release

Cleland JL. Single-administration vaccines Controlled-release technology to mimic repeated immunizations. Trends Biotechnol 1999 17 25-29. 

Microcapsules can be used for mammalian cell culture and the controlled release of drugs, vaccines, antibiotics and hormones. To prevent the loss of encapsulated materials, the microcapsules should be coated with another polymer that forms a membrane at the bead surface. The most well-known system is the encapsulation of the alginate beads with poly-L-lysine. 

Payne LG, Jenkino SA, Adrianov A, Langer R, and Robert BE. Xenobiotic pol3nners as vaccine vehicles. In Mestecky J (ed). Advances in Mucosal Immunology. New York Plenum Press, pp. 1475-1480. Ibim SM, Ambrosio AA, Larrier D, Allcock HR, and Laurencin CT. Controlled macromolecule release from poly(phosphazene) matrices. J Control Release, 1996, 40, 31-39. 

Olbrich, C., Kayser, O., Muller, R.H., and Grubhofer, N., Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as vaccine adjuvant study in sheep with a mycoplasma bovis antigen and stability testing, International Symposium of Controlled Release and Bioactive Material, 2000, 27, 293-294. 

Sliitter B, Plapied L, Fievez V et al (2009) Mechanistic study of the adjuvant effect of biodegradable nanoparticles in mucosal vaccination. J Control Release 138 113-121... 

Chong CS, Cao M, Wong WW et al (2005) Enhancement of T helper type 1 immune responses against hepatitis B virus core antigen by PLGA nanoparticle vaccine delivery. J Control Release 102 85-99... 

The ideal method for substantial improvement of current vaccines is to develop formulations that would provide time-released doses of immunogens that could replace the need for multiple visits and booster shots. Controlled release vaccines would be particularly advantageous in the third world, where a repeated immunization of the vaccine by health-care personnel is difficult to achieve [37],... 

M. Singh, M. Briones, and D. T. O Hagan. A novel bioadhesive intranasal delivery system for inactivated influenza vaccines. J Control Release 70 267-276 (2001). 

Bivas-Benita M, Ottenhoff TH, Junginger HE, Borchard G (2005) Pulmonary DNA vaccination Concepts, possibilities and perspectives. J Control Release 107(1) 1—29. 

OE208 Batanero, E., P. Barral, M. Villalba, and R. Rodriguez. Encapsulation of Ole e-1 in biodegradable microparticles induces Thl response in mice a potential vaccine for allergy. J Control Release 2003 92(3) 395-398. 

Eldridge, J.H., Hammond, C.J., Meulbroek, J.H., Staas, J.K., Gilley, R.M., and Tice, T.R. (1990). Controlled vaccine release in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues. I. Orally administrated biodegradable microspheres target the Peyer s patches. J. Control. Release, 11, 205-214. 

On the basis of current research it may be possible to speculate about future directions for vaccine development. For example, controlled-release drug systems are well recognized and have appeared in clinical practice. It seems reasonable to ask if the same technology could be applied to vaccines. What would be ideal is a vaccine that only required a single dose which incorporated that booster dose so often necessary for complete effectiveness. If this in turn was combined with heat stability to overcome the problem of maintaining an effective cold chain for distribution in tropical countries we would be well on the way to providing an ideal product. 

Babiuk, S., et al. 2000. Cutaneous vaccination The skin as an immunologically active tissue and the challenge of antigen delivery. J Control Release 66 199. 

Mestecky, J., et al. 1997. Current options for vaccine delivery systems by mucosal routes. J Control Release 48 243. 

Garinot, M., V. Fievez, et al. (2007). PEGylated PLGA-based nanoparticles targeting M cells for oral vaccination. J Control Release 120(3) 195-204. 

Russell-Jones GJ (2000) Oral vaccine delivery. J Control Release 65(1-2) 49-54 Sabharwal H, Michon F, Nelson D, Dong W, Fuchs K, Manjarrez RC, Sarkar A, Uitz C, Viteri-Jackson A, Suarez RSR, Blake M, Zabriskie JB (2006) Group A Streptococcus (GAS) Carbohydrate as an Immunogen for Protection against GAS Infection. J Infect Dis 193(1) 129-135... 

This book describes the use of lipid-based nano- and microparticulate carriers in such applications. It presents innovative methods of delivering active biochemicals to different systems, discusses lipospheres as a technical solution to problems associated with controlled release of biochemicals, covers lipospheres as carriers for vaccines, and finally provides procedures for specific applications and describes biological systems. 

Cleland, J. L. (1998), Solvent evaporation processes for the production of controlled release biodegradable microsphere formulations for therapeutics and vaccines, Bio-technol. Prog., 14,102-107. 

Schwendeman, S. P. (2001), Stabilization of vaccine antigens encapsulated in PLGA microspheres [abstract 320], Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioactive Mater., 28. 

Borges, O., Cordeiro-da-Silva, A., Romeijn, S. G., Amidi, M., de Sousa, A., Borchard, G, and Junginger, H. E. (2006), Uptake studies in rat Peyer s patches, cytotoxicity and release studies of alginate coated chitosan nanoparticles for mucosal vaccination, J. Controlled Release, 114(3), 348-358. 

Microparticles and nanoparticles present some advantageous features, namely mucoadhesive properties. They have demonstrated some potential in vaginal drug delivery, particularly in the formulation of delivery systems for vaccines or peptides and proteins [160, 161], Nonetheless, these particles have to be incorporated in adequate carrier systems in order to be delivered. This task has been shown to be complex, it being hard to achieve controlled-release and steady-release profiles. 

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