Vaccines oral delivery

Jones, D.H., J.C. Clegg, and G.H. Farrar, Oral delivery of micro-encapsulated DNA vaccines. Dev Biol Stand, 1998.92 149-55. 

O Hagan, D.T. 1992. Oral delivery of vaccines. Formulation and clinical pharmacokinetic considerations. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 22 1-10. 

Polymer-based colloidal drug delivery carriers include polymeric micelles, nano- and micro- particles, or coated particles, and hydrogels [886,890,891]. These are being developed for vaccines and anti-cancer drugs, for targeting of specific treatment sites within the body, and as vehicles for ophthalmic and oral delivery. Methods for the creation of multi-layer coatings are reviewed by Sukhorukov [892] (see also Figure 14.4). Numerous examples are cited by Ravi Kumar [893]. 

Galindo-Rodriguez, S. A., E. Allemann, et al. (2005). Polymeric nanoparticles for oral delivery of drugs and vaccines a critical evaluation of in vivo studies. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 22(5) 419-64. 

Nanoparticles were first developed around 1970 and are defined as solid colloidal particles, less then 1 pm in size, that consist of macromolecular compounds. They were initially devised as carriers for vaccines and anticancer drugs [11]. The use of nanoparticles for ophthalmic and oral delivery was also investigated [12]. Drugs or other biologically active molecules are dissolved, entrapped, or... 

Live rotavirus vaccine was developed for oral delivery to prevent infections by the virus in young children. However, incorporation of live rotavirus into poly (oL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres or alginate microcapsules was reported to result in a significant loss of rotavirus infectivity. The loss was reduced by stabilization of the rotavirus vaccine with an excipient blend of cellulose, starch, sucrose, and gelatin at a mass ratio of 30 30 30 10 in granules or tablets. ... 

The maximal intestinal immunization can be achieved by intra-Peyer s patch immunization, and thus this method can be used to screen oral vaccine candidate antigens without the added complication of simultaneously testing oral-delivery systems. Immunization of subjects against Helicobacter pylori by intra-Peyer s patch resulted in an 84-91% reduction in H. pylori infection compared with unimmrmized controls. The therapeutic efficacy of the recombinant H. pylori urease vaccine in mice was shown to be comparable with that achieved with the combined anti-biotic/antacid treatment in humans. The oral vaccination is preferred to conventional treatment of ulcers because it is a very simple and quick procedure compared with long-term conventional treatment. In addition, vaccines use the defense mechanisms of the body to establish long-lasting immunity. ... 

The potential applications of archaebacterial lipid liposomes (archaeosomes) as novel vaccine and drug delivery systems have been reviewed recently.88-90 In general, this type of liposomes exhibited higher stability to oxidation, high temperature, alkaline pH, and action of phopholipases. The safety profile study of these type of liposomes had shown that they are well tolerated after intravenous or oral delivery in mice. The stability and safety profile of these liposomes indicated that they may offer a superior alternative to the use of conventional liposomes. 

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