Urine lactate

Urine lactate creatinine ratio <0.2 mmol/mmol creatinine. 

Lactate and pyruvate in blood Ketone bodies in blood Amino adds in blood and urine Lactate and amino acids in CSF Organic acids in urine CTyMRl or MRS of brain... 

Cinoxacin is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the individual drug and in patients with anuria. Cinoxacin is a Pregnancy Category B drug and should be used with caution during pregnancy and lactation. Cinoxacin is used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment. When cinoxacin is administered with probenecid, there is a risk for lowered urine concentration of cinoxacin. 

In rabbits, the as yet unidentified maternal signal during lactation has analogous properties in guiding the reliable orientation of suckling, mainly via MOS input (Hudson and Distel, 1986 Schaal et al., unpubl.). Minor fractions may still function as flag contributors, exemplified by the attractiveness of proestrous elephant urine. Male responses show that intact urine is conspicuously more attractive in comparison with the pure insect mammal pheromone (9.) presented in water (Rasmussen et al., 1996). 

Haug M. and Brain P. (1978). Attack directed by groups of castrated male mice towards lactating and non-lactating intruders a urine-dependent phenomenon. Physiol Behav 21, 549-552. 

The posterior pituitary is innervated by direct nervous stimulation from the hypothalamus, resulting in the release of specific hormones. The hypothalamus synthesizes two hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin. These hormones are stored in and released from the posterior pituitary lobe. Oxytocin exerts two actions (1) it promotes uterine contractions during labor, and (2) it contracts the smooth muscles in the breast to stimulate the release of milk from the mammary gland during lactation. Vasopressin is an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) essential for proper fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. Specifically, vasopressin increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the nephrons to water. This causes the kidney to excrete less water in the urine. Consequently, the urine becomes more concentrated as water is conserved. 

For patients with fluid deficits, it is safer and more cost-effective to correct fluid abnormalities using standard intravenous fluids (e.g., sodium chloride 0.9% in water, dextrose 5% in water, and lactated Ringer s solution). Minimizing fluid volume in PN may be indicated in patients with fluid overload, such as critically ill patients who receive large-volume resuscitation fluids, patients with oliguric (urine output less than 400 mL/day) or anuric (urine output less than 50 mL/day) renal failure, and those with congestive heart failure. It is reasonable to... 

In a single lactating Jersey cow, 30% of a [14C]-radiolabeled dose of 10 mg/kg/day was excreted in the urine 4 hours after dosing, and 84% was excreted in a 96-hour period (Ivie 1980). The amount of label after 96 hours was 7% in the feces and less than 1% in the cow s milk. Before being given the radiolabeled material, the cow had been administered unlabelled diisopropyl methylphosphonate in a gelatin capsule for 5 consecutive days. 

Based on the data from animal studies, diisopropyl methylphosphonate is principally excreted in the urine as the metabolite IMPA (Hart 1976 Ivie 1980). Chromatographic behavior of urinary metabolites does not change after the urine is treated with glucuronidase and sulfatase, so there is no conjugation of diisopropyl methylphosphonate or IMPA by microsomal enzymes (Hart 1976). There was minimal excretion of diisopropyl methylphosphonate metabolites in bile (Hart 1976) or in the milk of a lactating cow (<1%) (Palmer et al. 1979). 

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency, first describ ed by Baker and Winegrad in 1970, has now been reported in approximately 30 cases. It is more common in women and is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. Initial manifestations are not strikingly dissimilar from those of glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency. Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common presenting feature, associated with profound metabolic acidosis, irritability or coma, apneic spells, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypotonia and moderate hepatomegaly. Lactate, alanine, uric acid and ketone bodies are elevated in the blood and urine [11]. The enzyme is deficient in liver, kidney, jejunum and leukocytes. Muscle fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity is normal. 

Most patients with pyruvate-carboxylase deficiency present with failure to thrive, developmental delay, recurrent seizures and metabolic acidosis. Lactate, pyruvate, alanine, [3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate concentrations are elevated in blood and urine. Hypoglycemia is not a consistent finding despite the fact that pyruvate carboxylase is the first rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis. 

Fluid administration should be titrated to clinical endpoints such as heart rate, urine output, blood pressure, and mental status. Isotonic crystalloids, such as 0.9% sodium chloride or lactated Ringer s solution, are commonly used for fluid resuscitation. 

Hydroxylated metabolites are conjugated as glucuronides and sulfates. The balance of products in this last step and their distribution between urine and feces distinguishes the metabolism between humans, rats, and rabbits (Baldwin and Hutson 1980 Bedford et al. 1975b Hutson 1981 Hutson et al. 1975), as discussed in Section 2.3.4. Similarly, studies in lactating cows ingesting radio-labeled endrin in the diet for 21 days suggest metabolic pathways similar to those in rats and rabbits with apparent differences between the 3 species attributed more to differences in biliary versus renal excretion (Baldwin et al. 1976). 

Rabbits excrete 14C-endrin in the urine as sulfates (Bedford et al. 1975b). Studies in lactating cows ingesting endrin in the diet for 21 days show that 14C-endrin is readily excreted as unchanged endrin in the milk, accounting for 2.5-4.3% of the total dose (Baldwin et al. 1976). Similarly, endrin has been detected in the milk of lactating women (Alawi et al. 1992 Bordet et al. 1993). Due to its lipophilic nature (partition coefficient [Logow] 5.6), endrin was contained in the lipid portion of the milk. 

The elimination rate of a compound (directly or by biotransformation) from an organism determines the extent of the bioconcentration and depends both on the chemical and the organism. Direct elimination includes transport across the skin or respiratory surfaces, secretion in gall bladder bile, and excretion from the kidney in urine. Other processes are moulting (for arthropods), egg deposition (fish, invertebrates) and transfer to offspring or via lactation (in mammals), which are more specific and not usually contemplated in bioconcentration determination. 

Like simple sugars, swainsonine is water-soluble and therefore distributed to many parts of the body. It is rapidly excreted, primarily in the urine, but in lactating animals a portion of it is transferred to the milk (James and Hartley, 1977). This fast excretion rate suggests that occasional consumption of locoweeds for short periods is unlikely to have serious effects, but continuous consumption, even at low levels, results in poisoning. Short intensive grazing episodes have been used as a management tool for grazing pastures heavily infested with locoweed (Ralphs et ah, 1984). 

Breast milk During lactation human mammary tissue expresses the sodium iodide symporter [260], and thus significant transfer of perchlorate into human milk is likely. The presence of micrograms per liter concentrations of perchlorate in milk collected fi om US women [233] confirms lactation as a relevant perchlorate excretion path. If lactating women are secreting perchlorate in milk, then urine-based estimates of total perchlorate exposure for these individuals are likely to be lower than actual [242]. 

Blount and Valentin-Blasini [259] detected perchlorate in all amniotic fluid samples (n = 48) tested, ranging from 0.057 to 0.71 pg/L with a geometric mean of 0.18 pg/L. No comparison data for perchlorate in AF were available in the scientific literature. The perchlorate levels previously reported for human urine and milk are an order of magnitude higher than the levels found in this group of 48 AF samples [233, 256]. Lower levels of perchlorate in human AF compared with human milk could result from low NIS expression in the placenta compared to the lactating breast [265]. 

Hines EP, Calafat AM, Silva MJ, Mendola P, Fenton SE (2009) Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in milk, urine, saliva, and serum of lactating North Carolina women. Environ Health Perspect 117 86-92... 

Female odors can also accelerate puberty in young female mice. Urine from singly caged estrous females (Drickamer, 1982) or from pregnant or lactating mice (Drickamer, 1979 Drickamer and Hoover, 1979 Drickamer, 1984b) accelerates puberty in young females and also facilitates estrus in adult mice. 

Drickamer, L. C. and Hoover, J. E. (1979). Effects of urine from pregnant and lactating female house mice on sexual maturation of juvenile females. Developmental Psychobiology 12, 545-551. 

---