Creatinine ratio

Microalbuminuria Not included S20 pg/min or albumin creatinine ratio >30mg/g... 

While some clinical and laboratory findings assist in the general diagnosis of ARF, others are used to differentiate between prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal ARF. For example, patients with prerenal ARF typically demonstrate enhanced sodium reabsorption, which is reflected by a low urine sodium concentration and a low fractional excretion of sodium. Urine is typically more concentrated with prerenal ARF and there is a higher urine osmolality and urine plasma creatinine ratio compared to intrinsic and postrenal ARF. 

M (proximal tubule hyaline droplets, persistent diuresis [50-100% increase] increases in protein content [100%] and protein/creatinine ratio [70%])... 

Persistent diuresis, proteinuria, and an increased urinary protein/creatinine ratio were observed in rats receiving 1,000 mg/kg/day MIL-H-5606 for 26 days (Mattie et al. 1993). Hyaline droplets in the proximal tubules were also noted at histopathological examination. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. The only information regarding renal effects in humans or animals following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to mineral oil hydraulic fluids are two animal studies. Histopathological examination of the kidneys from rats exposed to < 1.0 mg/m3 of the water-in-oil emulsion hydraulic fluid Houghto-Safe 5047F for 90 days, 23 hours/day, showed no treatment-related lesions (Kinkead et al. 1991). Persistent diuresis, and increased protein and protein/creatinine ratios in the urine were reported in rats orally exposed to 1,000 mg/kg/day MIL-H-5606 for 26 days (Mattie et al. 

Nephropathy in type 2 diabetes (iosartan and /nbesarfanj.Treatment of diabetic nephropathy with an elevated serum creatinine and proteinuria (urinary albumin to creatinine ratio greater than or equal to 300 mg/g) in patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of hypertension. 

Urine lactate creatinine ratio <0.2 mmol/mmol creatinine. 

Male patients affected with X-linked Cr transporter defect have elevated urinary Cr concentrations only if this is expressed per mol creatinine (also mentioned Cr creatinine ratio). In plasma, Cr concentrations are within the normal limits. Also, GA is within the reference range in both plasma and urine. Female carriers of the defect may have elevated urinary Cr excretion (expressed per mol creatinine). However this is not a consistent finding in all carriers. 

Other methods, such as the fasting urinary hydroxypro-line/creatinine ratio, alkaline phosphatase activity, dualabsorption photometry of the hip, and serum osteocalcin measurements, can also be used, depending on an individual clinic s equipment and experience (SEDA-17, 447). 

Excretion of aluminum may be lower in premature compared to full-term infants (Bougie et al. 1991). Plasma levels of aluminum in premature infants were 14.6 g/L compared to 7.8 g/L in full-term infants, and absolute urinary excretion was reduced. The aluminum-creatinine ratio in the urine was similar in both groups, indicating that the lower excretion in the premature infants may be due to a lower glomerular fdtration rate, thus increasing the risk of aluminum accumulation in this group. 

Koo WWK, Krug-Wispe SK, Succop P, et al. 1992. Sequential serum aluminum and urine aluminum Creatinine ratio and tissue aluminum loading in infants with fractures/rickets. Pediatrics 89 877-881. 

Protein creatinine ratios of >1.0 are considered indicative of significant renal proteinuria in most species (Gregory 2003). Excretion of markedly elevated levels of protein (protein creatinine ratio > 5.0) is indicative of glomerular disease, whereas low-level proteinuria indicates tubular damage or very early/lowgrade glomerular injury (Peterson et al. 1969 Finco 1997 Gregory 2003). 

Gossett KA, Turnwald GH, Kearney MT et al. (1987) Evaluation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-to-creatinine ratio from spot samples of urine supernatant, as an indicator of urinary enzyme excretion in dogs. Am J Vet Res 48 455-457... 

D5. de la Piedra, C., Toural, V., and Rapado, A., Osteocalcin and urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio in the differential diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 47, 587-592 (1987). 

Increased levels of pseudouridine have been reported to be present in the urine of patients with various types of cancer (Al, M20, Wl, W2). Since pseudouridine is only found in RNA, Kuo et al. (K38) developed a sensitive RPLC method for the rapid determination of urine pseudouridine levels. In a study of 10 colon cancer patients, they reported that 9 exhibited higher than normal pseudouridine-to-creatinine ratios. Davis et al. (D2) have also investigated urine ribonucleoside distribution patterns in patients with advanced colon cancer and report increased levels of I-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 2-methyIguanosine, adenosine, and N. N -dimethylguanosine when compared to normal urine controls. Figure 17 illustrates the advanced colon cancer and normal urine chromatographic profiles. 

M3. McGeer, E. G., McGeer, P. L., Miller, J. R., Deny, D., and Nichol, C., Excretion of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide and creatine creatinine ratios in human and mouse muscular dystrophy. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 40, 13 (1962). 

Azotaemia develops progressively with an increase in creatinine and urea. These findings point to a drop in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow. The quotient of creatinine in the urine and plasma is high (>40). Likewise, the quotient of urea-N in the urine and plasma is elevated (> 8). There is a reduction in creatinine clearance within 24 hours to < 40 ml/min. The serum value of urea displays a disproportionate increase compared to creatinine (urea-N/creatinine ratio >20), since the tubular reabsorptive capacity with respect to urea depends on diuresis (maximum 2 ml/ min). In hepatorenal syndrome, the minimal urinary flow gives rise to a longer tubular period of contact with greater tubular reabsorption of urea. 

In some infants receiving parenteral nntrition nephro-calcinosis occnrs. Parenteral nntrition solntions contain the oxalate precnrsors ascorbate and glycine, and in one stndy of very low birth weight infants (111) administration of parenteral nntrition protein of abont 0.5 g/kg/day was associated with an increased nrinary oxalate/creatinine ratio the effect was dose-dependent. Raised nrinary oxalate concentrations may be a factor in the pathogenesis of nephrocalcinosis in these infants. 

Measuring urinary protein excretion has been simplified by the introduction of the urine protein to creatinine ratio [UpiU J [75,76]. Although random spot Up U j, ratio predicts actual 24 h protein excretion with reasonable accuracy in patients with lower levels of protein excretion but is unreliable in patients with high protein excretion and should not be used in the... 

Schwab SJ, Christensen RE, Dougherty K, Klahr S. Quantitation of proteinuria by the use of protein to creatinine ratio in single urine sample. Arch Intern Med 1987 147 943-949. 

Lane C, Brown M, Dunsmuir W, Kelly J, Mangos G. Can spot urine protein/creatinine ratio replace 24 h urine protein in usual clinical nephrology Nephrology (Carlton). 2006 11 245-249. 

Leung YY, Szeto CC,Tam LS, Lam CW, Li EK, Wong KC,Yu SW, Kun EW. Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in an untimed urine collection is a reliable measure of proteinuria in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 46 649-652. 

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