Grazing intensity

Hay ME (1981) Spatial patterns of grazing intensity on a Caribbean barrier reef herbivory and algal distribution. Aq Bot 11 97-109... 

In summary, we know that pasture productivity is the key to predicting whether soil C stocks will increase or decrease following forest conversion to pasture, and we know that several factors, including native soil fertility, fertilization, climate, fire frequency, and grazing intensity, influence pasture productivity. We do not, however, know which of these factors has had the greatest influence in the past and which... 

Beevers,H., Stiller,M.L., Butt,V.S. Metabolism of the organic acids. In Plant physiol. Ste-wart,F.C. (ed.), Vol. 4, pp. 119-262. New York Academic Press 1966 Bement,R.E. Plains prickly pear relation to grazing intensity and blue grama yield in central Great Plains. J. Range Manage 21,83-86 (1968)... 

The development of mote intense sources (eg, plasma sources, soft x-ray lasers, and synchrotron sources) has made possible highly effective instmments both for x-ray microscopy and x-ray diffraction on a few cubic nanometer sample. The optical problem of focusing x-rays is accompHshed by the use of zone plates or by improved grazing incidence or multilayer reflectors. 

Reflection-Absorption IR spectroscopy (RAIRS) where the linearly polarized IR beam is specularly reflected from the front face of a highly reflective sample, such as a metal single crystal surface (Figure 3.1(a)). This is also sometimes referred to as IRAS (IR reflection absorption). The IR beam comes in at grazing angle (i.e. almost parallel to the surface), and although absorption bands in RAIRS have intensities that are some two orders of magnitude weaker than in transmission studies on... 

Zaman M, Blennerhassett JD. Effects of the different rates of urease and nitrification inhibitors on gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide, nitrate leaching and pasture production from urine patches in an intensive grazed pasture system. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment. 2010 136 236-246. 

The ability to respond so rapidly should be advantageous when herbivoregrazing is intense but extremely variable over short periods of time. The defense on demand could thus result in high levels of the defensive metabolites halimedatrial (50) and the unstable epihalimedatrial (51) only in the presence of actively feeding herbivores. Since grazing was also reduced significantly more by purified halimedatrial (50) than by halimedatetraacetate (48) this reaction fulfills all three criteria defined for a wound-activated defense (see above). 

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