Unsaturated poly resins

Diacyl peroxides are used in a broad spectmm of apphcations, including curing of unsaturated polyester resin compositions, cross-linking of elastomers, production of poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, and polyacrjlates, and in many nonpolymeric addition reactions. 

Reactive (unsaturated) epoxy resins (qv) are reaction products of multiple glycidyl ethers of phenoHc base polymer substrates with methacrylic, acryhc, or fumaric acids. Reactive (unsaturated) polyester resins are reaction products of glycols and diacids (aromatic, aUphatic, unsaturated) esterified with acryhc or methacrylic acids (see POLYESTERS,unsaturated). Reactive polyether resins are typically poly(ethylene glycol (600) dimethacrylate) or poly(ethylene glycol (400) diacrylate) (see PoLYETPiERs). 

Polymer Recycling 3,No.3, 1997/98, p.173-80 UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESINS FROM POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) WASTE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION Abdel-Azim AA Mekewi M A Gouda S R Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Ain Shams,University Egypt,Military Technical College... 

Polymers for Advanced Technologies 6, No. 11, Nov. 1995, p.688-92 MAKING POLYMER CONCRETE AND POLYMER MORTAR USING SYNTHESISED UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESINS FROM POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) WASTE Abdel-Azim A AA Attia IA Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Carro,Ain Shams University... 

Superior Environmental Products, Inc. introduced a product based on liquid poly sulfide containing 40% of a surface-modified scrap tire mbber. The product, ER-IOOR, is a coating that can temporarily contain chemical, oil, and gasoline spills. Rodriguez [97] reported that an unsaturated polyester resin containing silane-treated CGR showed better mechanical properties than that containing untreated CGR. 

Low-profile additives are generally materials such as poly (vinyl acetate), polystyrene, polyethylene or polycarbonate. During the unsaturated polyester cure cycle, the low-profile additives separate into a second phase, which expand to counteract the shrinkage of the curing unsaturated polyester resin. Material development and the science of low-profile additives have helped create substantial markets for unsaturated polyesters. Their use in automotive markets, where Class A show room quality surfaces is a requirement, is an example of this. 

PS PSF PSU PTFE PU PUR PVA PVAL PVB PVC PVCA PVDA PVDC PVDF PVF PVOH SAN SB SBC SBR SMA SMC TA TDI TEFE TPA UF ULDPE UP UR VLDPE ZNC Polystyrene Polysulfone (also PSU) Polysulfone (also PSF) Polytetrafluoroethylene Polyurethane Polyurethane Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl butyrate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinyl chloride-acetate) Poly(vinylidene acetate) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Poly(vinyl fluoride) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer Styrene-butadiene copolymer Styrene block copolymer Styrene butadiene rubber Styrene-maleic anhydride (also SMC) Styrene-maleic anhydride (also SMA) Terephthalic acid (also TPA) Toluene diisocyanate Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Terephthalic acid (also TA) Urea formaldehyde Ultralow-density polyethylene Unsaturated polyester resin Urethane Very low-density polyethylene Ziegler-Natta catalyst... 

Another important application is the introduction of a thermoplastic such as poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc, into an unsaturated polyester resin to improve dimensional stability of the mold part. Keeping in mind (sec. 2.3.2) that an unsaturated polyester is dissolved in styrene, the modifier is the third component and the behavior is described with the help of a ternary-phase diagram (Fig. 8.3, Suspene et al., 1991). 

Phthalic anhydride is used for the manufacture of plasticizers, such as dioctyl phthalate, unsaturated polyester resins, and alkyd resins. Phthalic anhydride reacts with alcohols such as 2-ethylhexanol, and the products are often liquids that, when added to plastics, impart flexibility without adversely affecting the strength of the plastic. Most of these plasticizers are used for poly(vinyl chloride) flexibility. Dioctyl phthalate is a common plasticizer. 

Synopsis.Some results of broad research project on the photosensitized crosslinking of poly(vinyl buty-ral) and unsaturated polyester resin, are presented. Various aspects of data obtained are briefly discussed. 

Introduction. It is the purpose of this article to report the present status of a research program which has as its goal photoinduced crosslinking of various industrial polymers. The results received for poly(vinyl butyral) and for unsaturated polyester resin in mentioned project, are dealt with. 

Polymer concretes show excellent mechanical properties and chemical resistance compared with conventional cement concretes. Polymer concretes can be cured quickly by the use of curing agents. Thus, the applications of polymer concretes are being increased. One of the popular polymers for polymer concretes is unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin. The properties of UPE resin can be modified by changing its molecular features. For the synthesis of the resin, phthalic anhydride or isophthalic acid as well as maleic anhydride can be employed to modify the mechanical properties or hydrothermal resistance. Terephthalic acid which is also used for the synthesis of poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) enhances the thermal resistance of the cured UPE resin. However, the synthesis of unsaturated polyester resin from terephthalic acid is difficult. One method to synthesize unsaturated polyester from terephthalic acid is the use of recycled PET. 

Various UPE resins based on recycled poly ethylene terephthalate(PET) were prepared and the properties of the polymer mortar made with the UPE as well as those of the cured resin itself were investigated. It was found that degree of unsaturation of the resins was the most important property affecting thermal and mechanical properties of the cured resin and PM. The cured unsaturated polyester resin or polymer mortar made from resins of higher unsaturation, i.e., less PET content or adipic acid content in the resin, showed higher glass transition temperatures,... 

The high cost of resins used in the production of polymer concrete (PC) makes the material expensive relative to cement-based materials. Not surprisingly, a recent survey ranked lower cost resins as the most important future need for PC [1], Recently, some work has been done on the production of unsaturated polyester resins based on recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate), PET [2], The PET wastes are typically found in used beverage bottles, and many states have passed legislation to collect and recycle these bottles. If specially formulated, the unsaturated polyester could be used in the production of PC [3],... 

U.R.Vaidya and V.M.Nadkarni (1987). Unsaturated Polyester Resins from Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Waste. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 194—198. 

K.S.Rebeiz (1992). Structural Use of Polymer Composites Using Unsaturated Polyester Resins Based on Recycled Poly (ethylene Terephthalate). Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas. 

Unsaturated poly(ester-imide) resins are known having imide structures at the end of the molecule or in the backbone. Chain termination by imide is frequently done with the tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (23) aminoethanol (9) reaction product [10,201-204]. In the synthesis of these resins, maleic anhydride is used. It is cheap and a world-wide available raw material, having the advantage of generating per mol only one mol of distillate. Patents are known where fumar-ic acid is claimed, e.g., in [205], but it is probably not frequently used in industrial processes. Anyway, under the conditions of the esterification reaction, a part of the maleate is isomerised into the fumarate [206]. To get materials with good heat resistance the use of THEIC is claimed for branching the unsaturated poly(ester-imide) resins [202]. Flexibility and heat resistance are improved when fatty acids, e.g., castor oil fatty acid [205,207], are build into the macromolecule. 

Between 1930 and the onset of World War II (WWII) in 1939, several polymer families were invented and commercially developed through bulk processes. The most important ones include low density polyethylene (LDPE), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyurethanes (PU), poly(tetra-fluoro ethylene) (PTFE), polyamides (PAs), and polyesters (PEs). The last three are attributed to Dupont s scientists Roy Plunkett and Wallace Carothers, respectively. During WWll, bulk polymerization was still instrumental in the development and commercialization of new families of PEs such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) developed by ICI and Dupont and unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) [1, 6-8]. 

This chapter covers fundamental and applied research on polyester/clay nanocomposites (Section 31.2), which includes polyethylene terephthalate (PET), blends of PET and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxy-late) (PEN), and unsaturated polyester resins. Section 31.3 deals with polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP)-montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites, including blends of low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), and high density polyethylene (HDPE). Section 31.4 analyzes the fire-retardant properties of nanocomposites made of high impact polystyrene (HIPS), layered clays, and nonhalogenated additives. Section 31.5 discusses the conductive properties of blends of PET/PMMA (poly (methyl methacrylate)) and PET/HDPE combined with several types of carbon... 

Trimethylcyclohe.xanone [873-94-9] (TMC-one, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone) is a saturated cyclic ketone. It is a colorless high boiler with an aromatic odor reminiscent of menthol. Trimethylcyclohexanone is only moderately miscible with water, but is miscible in all proportions with all organic solvents. It is chemically closely related to isophorone. Trimethylcyclohexanone dissolves cellulose nitrate, low molecular mass PVC grades, poly(vinyl acetate), vinyl chloride-vinylacetate copolymers, chlorinated rubber, alkyd resins, unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy resins, acrylic resins, etc. 

The admixture to an unsaturated polyester resin is possible. Further, they can be grafted onto poly(styrene) by hot blending at The... 

In unsaturated poly (ester) resins, the addition of LCP improves the adhesion to glass fibers. In addition, the mechanical properties are enhanced. In elastomer matrix polymers, the addition of LCP causes an enhancement of thermal stability ... 

Thermo set polymers Alkyd resins Amino resins Epoxy resins Phenolic resins Poly(bis maleimide) Polyesters, unsaturated Thermoset resin Tohprene TOR Torelina Torlon TP 301 TPX... 

Polyesters. Main chain of their macromolecules is characterized by repeated — CO—O— groups. Unsaturated polyester resins are thermosets used mainly for manufacturing glass fibre-reinforced plastics products. The most wide-spread type of thermoplastic polyesters are polymers of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid (mainly terephthalic acid) and an aliphatic diol (e. g. ethyleneglycol or butanediol). The most important representatives of this group are poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly-(butylene terephthalate). Polyarylate aromatic polyester is a high-temperature thermoplastic of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid (terephthalic acid) and an aromatic diol (bisphenol-A). In the chemical sense, polycarbonate is also a polyester. 

Unsaturated polyester resins are generally reinforced with glass fibers and have many applications, from transparent building construction elements to boat hulls. Their application is facilitated by the use of what are known as SMCs (sheet molding compounds). SMCs are formulated mixtures of unsaturated polyesters, vinyl monomers, initiators, and glass fibers supplied as a sandwich between two poly (ethylene) films. To apply, one film is removed, and the resin layer is pressed onto the mold with rollers, and thus... 

In cavity-compression molding the cold powder or mold material is placed under pressure in a heated mold. The process is also called hot pressing. Glass-fiber-reinforced, unsaturated polyester resins are processed by the heated-cavity-compression molding method. The vulcanization of rubber can also be carried out using this method. High-fidelity records are pressed out of the thermoplasts PVC or poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), while cheaper records are injection molded. 

Poly(dimethyl siloxane) with phenyl and vinyl groups (ASTM) Unsaturated polyester resins (BS)... 

Unsaturated poly(ester amide) resins were also prepared by reaction between diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A-based epoxy and unsaturated aliphatic bisamic acids, using a base catalyst (Fig. 5.4). These resins were then blended with styrene to produce homogeneous resin syrups which were cured by using BPO as the free radical initiator. 

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