Quality, surface

Surface smoothness and cleanliness of the flexible substrates are both essential to ensure the integrity of subsequent layers such as conductive coatings, TFT arrays, or barrier coatings these properties can be considered separately. 

PET and PEN have an inherent surface smoothness of less than 1 nm, in terms of both Roughness Average (Ro) and Root Mean Square Roughness (Rq), using 

The graph comprises numerous measurements, which in total make up a 1 cm x 1 cm sampling area. For each measurement the highest point (Rp value), is recorded and the following distribution observed. The particles are predominantly below 140 nm. The predominance of these particles can be influenced by the polymer recipe and by process control to minimize degradation. 

Surface cleanliness is dominated by external contaminants such as airborne debris, scratches, etc. The size range of these contaminants is typically from submicron to tens of microns, both laterally and vertically. Polyester film is not manufactured under clean-room conditions and typically rolls of film are slit to size - dust is present or generated in these processes. These external contaminants are the major cause of surface related issues in down stream processing, but the bulk of these contaminants can be removed by some form of surface cleaning. 

In demanding applications, for example barriers for OLED displays, control of polymer smoothness and cleanliness by the routes mentioned above may not be sufficient. In such circumstances it is necessary to lay down a further coating under clean-room conditions which acts both as a planarizing coating and as a hard coat to prevent scratching on subsequent processing. This has been discussed elsewhere [6, 12, 13]. 

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Line size and internal-surface quality must be adequate to prevent clogging by the contaminants in the sample. 

The above comments refer to comparisons between the two compositions at the same glass-fibre level. If, however, comparison is made between a nylon 66 composition with a glass content of x% and a nylon 6 compound with a glass content of (x + 5)%, then the differences in mechanical properties become very small. At the same time the nylon 6 material will have slightly easier processing characteristics and surface quality. 

Emissivity is strongly dependent on the surface quality. The emissivity of a rough surface is greater than that of a smooth surface, increasing the rate of absorption. Emissivity values are found in textbooks. Care must be taken when using these values, as they usually denote total emissivities. The emissivity is considered constant in the spectrum, and this may be a poor approximation. 

Silicon may be present in high-chromium irons in amounts varying between 0-5 and 2-5%. Its effect is to increase fluidity in the foundry and improve the surface quality of castings. Further effects are to refine the eutectic carbides in the iron, to produce a more uniform structure and to raise the temperature at which the matrix transforms from ferrite to austenite with consequent dimensional changes. Additions above 2-5% have an embrittling effect. 

One of the most commonly used measures of durability, i.e. the loss of sodium from the glass, is important to the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, but other changes such as loss of surface quality, are of equal importance for optical and window glasses. The properties of a wide range of technical glasses are well catalogued but the data are often inadequate when considering a particular application and where possible nonstandard whole article tests are advisable. 

For coatings, common evaluations are in regard to surface quality, chemical resistance, color, and weathering/light stability (discussed below). Gloss and... 

If this happens, then the components are said to be matched to the beam (see Fig. 2). The requirements of Eq. (30) can be converted into surface quality requirements, concerning chiefly the surface figure and the homogeneity of the reflection factor. In terms familiar to astronomers, the surface figure requirements for gw detectors are in the (A/100, A/200) range on about 1000 cm surfaces (see Fig. 2).This requirement is in practice very difficult to fulfill, and new mirror manufacturing methods had to be developed (see Ch. 19). 

Vacuum arc can also be initiated by pulsed laser, as shown in Fig. 4 [15,16]. The target material is first vaporized into plasma by pulsed laser, and vacuum arc is subsequently initiated and more plasma is generated under the function of the electric field between the anode and the cathode (target). Since the arc is controllable, the surface quality might be evi-... 

Silicon wafer has been extensively used in the semiconductor industry. CMP of silicon is one of the key technologies to obtain a smooth, defect-free, and high reflecting silicon surfaces in microelectronic device patterning. Silicon surface qualities have a direct effect on physical properties, such as breakdown point, interface state, and minority carrier lifetime, etc. Cook et al. [54] considered the chemical processes involved in the polishing of glass and extended it to the polishing of silicon wafer. They presented the chemical process which occurs by the interaction of the silicon layer and the... 

GD-OES is helpful in identifying surface quality problems in both the automotive and aerospace industries. 

Mogyorosi, K., Balazs, N., Sranko, D.F., Tombacz, E., Dekany, 1., Oszko, A., Sipos,P., and Dombi, A. (2010) The effect of particle shape on the activity of nanocrystalline Ti02 photocatalysts in phenol decomposition. Part 3 the importance of surface quality. Applied Catalysis B Environmental, 96 (3-4), 577-585. 

For the satisfactory large-scale production of components, it is necessary to use carefully designed and well-constructed steel moulds suitably hardened and finished, depending on the surface quality required in the product. Small runs can be achieved using moulds of cheaper materials such as aluminium alloys. These latter moulds may require the support of frames or bolsters to prevent spread under repeated operation. 

Burke and Lindow [1.13] showed, that certain bacteria (e. g. Pseudomonas syringae) can act as nuclei for crystallization if their surface qualities and their geometric dimensions are close to those of ice. Rassmussen and Luyet [1.14] developed a connection for solutions of water with ethyleneglycol (EG), glycerol (GL) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) between the subcooling down to the heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation of ice. 

Platinum surfaces Mith (111) and (100) orientations treated in this May have been checked by using LEED characterization on as received" samples, both shoued the characteristic LEED pattern Hith their respective (lxl) surface symmetry. The non observation of the (5x20) symmetry for the (100) orientation Mas due to the presence of residual adsorbed impurities at the surface of as received samples. Simply this confirms the crystalline surface quality of the platinum samples prepared according to this technique (10). 

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