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United States pharmaceuticals used

Alkali Meta.IPhospha.tes, A significant proportion of the phosphoric acid consumed in the manufacture of industrial, food, and pharmaceutical phosphates in the United States is used for the production of sodium salts. Alkali metal orthophosphates generally exhibit congment solubility and are therefore usually manufactured by either crystallisation from solution or drying of the entire reaction mass. Alkaline-earth and other phosphate salts of polyvalent cations typically exhibit incongment solubility and are prepared either by precipitation from solution having a metal oxide/P20 ratio considerably lower than that of the product, or by drying a solution or slurry with the proper metal oxide/P20 ratio. [Pg.341]

The breakdown of on-site waste disposal practices from the United States pharmaceutical industry in 1995 and 2006 is shown in Table 3.4. Table 3.5 displays some of the commonly used solvents in the pharmaceutical industry and the amount of each directly released on-site in 1995 and 2006. As shown in Table 3.4, in 1995 the majority of on-site releases were due to stack emissions. By 2006 the amount of fugitive, stack, and water releases decreased significantly, whereas the amount of wastes injected underground remained the same. This suggests that... [Pg.61]

The debate over the appropriateness of pharmaceutical promotion is one that will go on forever. The reality is that, at least in the United States, pharmaceutical promotion is an integral part of the process of health care delivery. It is heavily regulated by FDA to assure accuracy and balance. For the foreseeable future pharmaceutical companies will continue to use communications to capture the attention of various audiences. [Pg.58]

About half of the gum karaya imported into the United States is used in the pharmaceutical industry most of the other half is used in the food industry. The primary pharmaceutical use is as a bulk laxative. Coarse (0.55 to 2.4 mm) particles absorb water and swell to 60 to 100 times their original volume, forming a discontinuous, mucilagenous dispersion that is effective as a laxative. In ice pops and sherbets, gum karaya prevents the bleeding of free water, flavor, and sugar and the formation of large ice crystals. It may be added to cheese spreads to prevent water separation. [Pg.985]

Heico Chemicals is the only producer of acetamide in the United States. Small amounts are imported from Europe and Asia. It is shipped in 32-L (35-gal) dmms weighing about 80 kg. Acetamide appears to have a wide spectmm of appHcations. It suppresses acid buildup in printing inks, lacquers, explosives, and perfumes. It is a mild moisturi2er and is used as a softener for leather, textiles, paper, and certain plastics. It finds some appHcations in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and antioxidants for plastics. [Pg.73]

Eastman Goal Chemicals. In 1983 Eastman Chemical Co. became the first chemical producer in the United States to return to coal as a raw material for large-scale manufacture of industrial chemicals (35). In that year, Eastman started manufacturing acetic anhydride from coal. Acetic anhydride is a key intermediate for production of coatings, ceUulosic plastics, and cellulose acetate fibers. Acetic anhydride from other sources also is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, starches and sweeteners, and flavors and fragrances. [Pg.166]

The market for antiulcer agents (Fig. 1) is large and is comprised of both prescription and over the counter (OTC) products. The estimated prescription market is over 3 biUion aimuaHy in the United States, whereas the more difficult to estimate OTC market is in the range of 500 million aimuaHy. Several pharmaceutical companies are attempting to obtain approval for OTC use of prescription-only agents, and patent protection for several of the histamine antagonists mns out in the mid-1990s. [Pg.198]

Human growth hormone, used as a human pharmaceutical, is approved for only one indication in the United States, treatment of growth failure owing to hGH deficiency, a condition known as pituitary dwarfism. However, clinical trials are under way to test its efficacy in Turner s syndrome, bums, wound healing, cachexia, osteoporosis, constitutional growth delay, aging, malnutrition, and obesity. [Pg.196]

The fermentation-derived food-grade product is sold in 50, 80, and 88% concentrations the other grades are available in 50 and 88% concentrations. The food-grade product meets the Vood Chemicals Codex III and the pharmaceutical grade meets the FCC and the United States Pharmacopoeia XK specifications (7). Other lactic acid derivatives such as salts and esters are also available in weU-estabhshed product specifications. Standard analytical methods such as titration and Hquid chromatography can be used to determine lactic acid, and other gravimetric and specific tests are used to detect impurities for the product specifications. A standard titration method neutralizes the acid with sodium hydroxide and then back-titrates the acid. An older standard quantitative method for determination of lactic acid was based on oxidation by potassium permanganate to acetaldehyde, which is absorbed in sodium bisulfite and titrated iodometricaHy. [Pg.515]

In the United States, through the NDA review process, pharmaceutical companies that seek FDA approval for new dmg products are assessed user fees by FDA to gain faster approval, by virtue of the U.S. Prescription Dmg User Fee Act of 1992. These assessments are used to increase the new dmg review staff of the FDA, which has agreed to reduce the NDA review time to 12 months by 1997 (6). [Pg.224]

Menthol Manufacture. Of the menthol isomers, only (-)-menthol [2216-51 -5] and (+)-menthol [15356-70-4] are of commercial importance. The most important natural sources of (—)-menthol are the oUs of Mentha arvensis (75—90%) and Mentha piperita (50—65%). The main suppUers ate Japan, China, BrazU, and Taiwan for the former and the United States, CIS, Bulgaria, and Italy for the latter. (—)-Menthol is known for its refreshing, diffusive odor characteristic of peppermint. It also is known for its strong physiological cooling effect, which is useful in cigarettes, dentifrices, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. [Pg.422]

Specifications for niacin and niacinamide for food use are given in the Vood Chemicals Codex (63) and for pharmaceutical use in the United States Pharmacopeia (64). The Codex also gives specifications for niacinamide ascorbate. [Pg.51]

Estimates of world demand iu 1979 were as high as 1300 x 10 lU of vitamin D. This was divided iuto thirds for Europe, the United States, and the rest of the world, respectively. Of this demand, 90% was estimated for animal-feed fortification and 10% for food and pharmaceutical uses. It is estimated that the demand will be 1500—1600 x 10 IU iu 1997 for animal usage and 100 x 10 IU for human use. The United States will require approximately 500 TU (1 trillion units = 25 kg i j -vitamin D or 17 t of resiu) for animal use and 30 TU (approximately 1 t of crystalline (7j -vitamin D ) for human use. This represents approximately 50 t of vitamin D resiu/yr for animal use worldwide and about 2.5 t of crystalline vitamin D for human use. A substantial proportion of the vitamin D is imported, and with all uses iucluded, it is estimated that 80—90% of the sales are of vitamin D. ... [Pg.139]

Specifications and standards for various vitamin E forms and preparations for use in pharmaceutical appHcations ate given in the United States Pharmacopeia (52). AH products should contain not less than 96.0% or more than 102.0% of the appropriate form. The products must be labeled to indicate both the chemical and stereochemical forms contained in the product. [Pg.148]

The United States consumed 1500 metric tons of bismuth in 1988 and exported 147 t (1). The average domestic dealer price was 12.74/kg. The world mine output, excluding the United States, was estimated to be 2770 t in 1988 the world refinery production was estimated as 3510 t. Of the bismuth consumed in the United States, 679 t was used for industrial and laboratory chemicals, cosmetics (qv), and pharmaceuticals (qv) 333 t for fusible alloys 493 t for metaHurgical additives 12 t for other alloys and 15 t for miscellaneous purposes. [Pg.127]

Boron Bromide. Approximately 30% of BBr produced in the United States is consumed in the manufacture of proprietory pharmaceuticals (qv) (7). BBr is used in the manufacture of isotopicaHy enriched crystalline boron, as a Etiedel-Crafts catalyst in various polymerization, alkylation, and acylation reactions, and in semiconductor doping and etching. Examples of use of BBr as a catalyst include copolymerization of butadiene with olefins (112) polymerization of ethylene and propylene (113), and A/-vinylcarbazole (114) in hydroboration reactions and in tritium labeling of steroids and aryl rings (5). [Pg.224]

Sodium Tetrahydroborate, Na[BH ]. This air-stable white powder, commonly referred to as sodium borohydride, is the most widely commercialized boron hydride material. It is used in a variety of industrial processes including bleaching of paper pulp and clays, preparation and purification of organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals, textile dye reduction, recovery of valuable metals, wastewater treatment, and production of dithionite compounds. Sodium borohydride is produced in the United States by Morton International, Inc., the Alfa Division of Johnson Matthey, Inc., and Covan Limited, with Morton International supplying about 75% of market. More than six million pounds of this material suppHed as powder, pellets, and aqueous solution, were produced in 1990. [Pg.253]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.132 ]




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Pharmaceutical use

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