United States applications

Nitrile rubber (NBR), a copolymer of 1,3-butadiene with 20-40% acrylonitrile, is noted for its oil resistance. More than 150 million pounds are produced annually in the United States. Applications include fuel tanks, gasoline hoses, and creamery equipment. Nitrile resin is made by copolymerizing acrylonitrile with about 20-30% styrene or methyl methacrylate in the presence of NBR or SBR rubber to yield a blend of the graft terpolymer and homocopolymer. Applications include extruded and blow-molded containers for household, automotive, and other products as well as some nonbeverage foods (spices, vitamins, candy). 

The provisional application was intended to provide a domestic priority document and thereby "level the playing field" for domestic patent applicants relative to their non-United States counterparts. Applicants who have filed previously in countries outside the United States have been able to, and still can under the current statute, use their earlier-filed foreign patent application to secure a priority date for the United States application (if the... 

Utilization of LPG as motor fuel represents only a tiny fraction of the market, on the order of 30,000 t/an in France out of a total 3,000,000 t that is, about 1%. Globally, the fraction of LPG used in the transportation industry is on the order of 5% the other applications are essentially petrochemicals (25%) and the heating fuel sectors (70%). However noticeable openings in the LPG-fuel markets in some countries such as Japan (1.8 Mt), the United States (1.3 Mt), the Netherlands (0.9 Mt), Italy (0.8 Mt) and in certain regions (Latin America, Africa, and the Far East) have been observed for specialized vehicles such as taxis. 

One of the techniques capable of being used "on stream" is the novel INCOTEST technique, see figure 2, which measures wall thickness of piping and vessels through an insulation layer with a maximum thickness of 10 centimetres. This system is based on pulsed eddy currents, was first developed in the United States, and is now being commercialised and extensively validated for a number of applications. 

Vinyl chloride is an industrial chemical produced in large amounts (10 ° Ib/year in the United States) and is used in the preparation of poly(vmyl chloride) Poly(vinyl chio ride) often called simply vinyl has many applications including siding for houses wall coverings and PVC piping... 

Synthetic ethanol is derived from petroleum by hydration of ethylene In the United States some 700 million lb of synthetic ethanol is produced annually It is relatively inexpensive and useful for industrial applications To make it unfit for drinking it is denatured by adding any of a number of noxious materials exempting it from the high taxes most governments impose on ethanol used m beverages... 

R. W. Watson,. E. Hay, and R. W. Van Dolah, "Commercial Explosives in the United States GeneraUties and Some Details," in Symposium on Militay Applications of Commercial Explosives DREV M-2241/72, Defense Research Estabhshment, Valcartier, Canada, 1972, p. 13. 

Globally, there is a small number of basic fluorosihcone producers General Electric Co. and Dow Corning Corp. in the United States, ShinEtsu in Japan, and Wacker Chemie in Germany. Prices tend to be about 55—220/kg and higher depending on the physical form and the application. 

Flexible Applications. The mainstay of the lead stabilizers in the United States is in flexible wine and cable coating appHcations. The nonconductive nature of lead stabilizers is unsurpassed by other classes of stabilizers. Rather high levels of stabilizers are necessary for these uses because... 

Rigid Applications. The use of the lead stabilizers is very limited in the United States but, they are stiU used in several rigid PVC appHcations in Europe and Asia. The highest use of lead stabilizers in rigid PVC is for pipe and conduit appHcations. Tribasic lead sulfate is the primary heat stabilizer with lead stearates included to provide lubrication. The lead products are typically fully formulated, usually including lubricants and pigments for pipe extmsion appHcations. These lead one-packs, when used at about 1.8—2.5 phr, provide all of the stabilizer and lubrication needed to process the polymer. A lead one-pack contains tribasic lead sulfate, dibasic lead stearate calcium stearate, polyethylene wax, paraffin wax, ester wax, and pigments. 

Uses. Currentiy, the principal use of lactic acid is in food and food-related applications, which in the United States accounts for approximately 85% of the demand. The rest ( 15%) of the uses are for nonfood industrial applications. The expected advent of the production of low cost lactic acid in high volume can open new applications for lactic acid and its derivatives, because it is a versatile molecule that can be converted to a wide range of industrial chemicals or polymer feedstocks (1,6,20). 

Applications. Among the P—O- and P—N-substituted polymers, the fluoroalkoxy- and aryloxy-substituted polymers have so far shown the greatest commercial promise (14—16). Both poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] [27290-40-0] and poly(diphenoxyphosphazene) [28212-48-8] are microcrystalline, thermoplastic polymers. However, when the substituent symmetry is dismpted with a randomly placed second substituent of different length, the polymers become amorphous and serve as good elastomers. Following initial development of the fluorophosphazene elastomers by the Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., both the fluoroalkoxy (EYPEL-F) and aryloxy (EYPEL-A) elastomers were manufactured by the Ethyl Corp. in the United States from the mid-1980s until 1993 (see ELASTOLffiRS,SYNTHETic-PHOSPHAZENEs). 

Different grades of HDPE, intended for different applications, command different prices. The 1994 list prices for large-volume grades of HDPE in the United States were 0.70—0.80/kg and in Europe 1.00—1.30/kg in mid-1995 they increased by ca 40%. The price of UHMWPE is about 2.0—2.6/kg. 

Patent laws provide for several stages in the life of an application for a patent on an invention. The pattern followed by patent laws in effect in most industrialized countries during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and still in effect in the United States in 1995, calls for the examination of all patent appHcations to certify that the claimed invention meets the national standards for novelty, usehilness, and inventiveness. The owner of the technology to be patented files appHcation papers that include a specification containing a description of the invention to be patented (called the disclosure) and claims defining the limits of the invention to be protected by the patent, a formal request for the issuance of a patent, and fees. Drawings of devices and apparatuses, electrical circuits, flow charts, etc, are an important part of the disclosures of most nonchemical and many chemical patents. 

Technical Constraints Eimiting Application of Enhanced Oil Recover Techniques to Petroleum Production in the United States U.S. Dept, of Energy, DOE/BETC/RI-83/9 (DEB4003910), Washington, D.C., Jan. 1984. 

In 1993, worldwide consumption of phenoHc resins exceeded 3 x 10 t slightly less than half of the total volume was produced in the United States (73). The largest-volume appHcation is in plywood adhesives, an area that accounts for ca 49% of U.S. consumption (Table 11). During the early 1980s, the volume of this apphcation more than doubled as mills converted from urea—formaldehyde (UF) to phenol—formaldehyde adhesives because of the release of formaldehyde from UF products. Other wood bonding applications account for another 15% of the volume. The next largest-volume application is insulation material at 12%. 

Iron oxide is also used for nonpigmentary applications, eg, ferrites (qv) and foundry sands making total world demand for iron oxide close to 1 X 10 t. The principal worldwide producers of iron oxide pigments are Bayer AG (ca 300,000 t/yr worldwide), and Harcros Pigments Inc., a subsidiary of Harrisons Crosfield PLC. In the United States, Bayer produces the Bayferrox line of iron oxide pigments in New Martinsville (see Iron compounds). 

Veterinary Applications. Another use for antibiotics is for veterinary appHcations and for animal feed supplements to promote growth in Hvestock (see Feeds and feed additives). Feed antibiotics used in the United States far surpass all other agricultural appHcations in terms of kilogram quantities used and approach quantities used in human medicines (25). In 1980 the USA feed antibiotic usage was estimated to be between five and six million kg. The U.S. Council of Agricultural Science and Technology estimates that feed additives save the U.S. consumer approximately 3500 million per year in meat prices, and antibiotic use accounts for most of this. 

E. Easwaran, D. Entingh, and D. Diachok, United States Geothermal Technology Equipment and Servicesfor Worldwide Applications, DOE/EE-0044, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., 1995. 

Two suppliers to the U.S. market are Bayer and Nippon Zeon. The estimated volume used in the United States is 500 700 t/yr. Hydrogenated nitrile mbber (HSN or HNBR) compounds compete with EKM, EVMQ, ECO, ACM, and high ACN content nitrile mbbers. Big applications include automotive timing belts, blowout preventors, drill pipe protectors, and numerous oil and fuel pump components. 

Applications. In 1994, approximately 675,000 metric tons of amorphous precipitated sihca were manufactured for sale (38,62). Degussa, J. M. Huber, and PPG in the United States and in Europe, and Akzo (Germany), Aluflour (Sweden), Crosfield (United Kingdom), Nippon Sihca (Japan), Rhc ne-Poulenc (France), Shionogi (Japan), Tokuyama Soda (Japan), and Vitro PQ (Mexico) are the primary producers. 

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