Gas blood

To characterize the responses to PbTx-2, five dose rates (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 ig/kg/hr in 2 ml saline) were infused into the jugular catheters of rats (four per group). Heart rates, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures, pulse pressures, respiratory rates, core and peripheral body temperatures, lead VI0 ECCjs, and arterial blood gases were monitored. Clinical signs and behaviors were recorded by video camera. After infusion, animals were monitored for 6 hr, by which time most had either died or recovered to near baseline physiological levels. 

Catheter-type ion selective electrodes have been developed for continuous in vivo monitoring of ion activities and blood gases A miniature ion selective and reference... 

Acidosis Arterial blood gases Sodium bicarbonate, hyperventilation... 

Hypoxia Arterial blood gases, Ventilation, oxygen... 

Complete blood count, serum chemistries, arterial blood gases, and antiepileptic blood levels ° Urine and blood toxicological panel... 

Follow-up with arterial blood gases to determine correction and need for additional sodium bicarbonate therapy... 

Monitor the following serial laboratories for comparison to baseline values every 6 hours in the first 24 hours and daily thereafter until normalized sodium, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, serum lactate, glucose, bilirubin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, arterial blood gases, and pH. 

Arterial blood gases for evaluating partial arterial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2) should be considered for patients in severe distress, suspected hypoventilation, or when PEF or FEYT, is less than or equal to 30% after initial treatment. 

A suspected diagnosis of COPD should be based on the patient s symptoms and/or history of exposure to risk factors. Spirometry is required to confirm the diagnosis. The presence of a postbronchodilator FEV,/FVC ratio less than 70% [the ratio of FEV, to forced vital capacity (FVC)] confirms the presence of airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.1,2 Spirometry results can further be used to classify COPD severity (Table 12-1). Full pulmonary function tests (PFTs) with lung volumes and diffusion capacity and arterial blood gases are not necessary to establish the diagnosis or severity of COPD. 

Obtain spirometry measurements to assess airflow limitation and aid in severity classification and treatment decisions. Measure arterial blood gases if FEV is less than 40% predicted or if the patient has clinical signs suggestive of respiratory failure or right heart failure. 

Arterial blood gases with a normal or elevated pH indicates metabolic alkalosis that may or may not be compensated. 

Obtain blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), calculated fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa), serum electrolytes, and arterial blood gases. 

Monitor serum electrolytes and arterial blood gases regularly. Correct metabolic acidosis slowly to prevent the development of metabolic alkalosis or other electrolyte abnormalities. 

Arterial blood gases, serum electrolytes, physical examination findings, the medical history, and the patient s recent medications must be reviewed in order to establish the etiology of a given acid-base disturbance. 

It is critical to differentiate acute and chronic respiratory acidosis, as the acute form is often a medical emergency that requires intubation and mechanical ventilation, whereas the chronic form is typically a stable condition. The blood gases in Case Study 2 came from a patient with advanced emphysema who is a "C02 retainer" due to ineffective ventilation. Because this patient s disease is chronic, the elevated PaC02 developed very slowly and allowed for metabolic compensation. 

Serial arterial blood gases and serum chemistries should... 

Abnormal arterial blood gases (ABCs) due to hypoxia and respiratory or metabolic acidosis... 

Evlauation Close monitoring of pulmonary status, blood gases (if indicated), oxygen saturation, chest x-ray, blood and sputum cultures, CBC, bronchoscopy with lavage (if needed)... 

Arterial blood gases are beneficial primarily in patients with severe pneumonia. 

Etoposide Blood pressure, respiratory rate, serum pH, serum bicarbonate with arterial blood gases, and evaluation of anion gap if necessary... 

ABG Arterial blood gases ARC AIDS-related complex... 

One of the last developed version of this system (Neotrend) was developed to monitor blood gases continuously and directly in critically-ill premature babies. The system is equipped with a tiny optical fibre catheter (0.5 mm in diameter) which is inserted into the infant s descending aorta by means of an umbelical artery catheter. A sketch of the probe is shown in Figure 4. 

Figure 4. Sketch of the probe used for the detection of blood gases in critically-ill premature babies...

Khalil G., Yim J., Vurek G.G., In-vivo blood gases problems and solutions, Proc. SPIE 2131 437 (1994). 

No effect on pulmonary function or blood gases after 7 days (Kiorpes et al. 1982)... 

Characteristic symptoms include fever and dyspnea clinical signs are tachypnea, with or without rales or rhonchi, and a nonproductive or mildly productive cough. Chest radiographs may show florid or subtle infiltrates or may occasionally be normal, although infiltrates are usually interstitial and bilateral. Arterial blood gases may show minimal hypoxia (Pao2 80 to 95 mm Hg) but in more advanced disease may be markedly abnormal. 

Peripheral white blood cell count normal or slightly elevated Abnormal arterial blood gases (hypoxemia and, rarely, hypercarbia)... 

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