Maternal blood

Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare Continuing biomonitoring projects, including study of umbilical cord blood, maternal blood, milk. 

Stern, A.H., and A.E. Smith. 2003. An assessment of the cord blood Maternal blood methylmercury ratio Implications for risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 111 (12) 1465-1470. 

Many different samples are available for clinical laboratory analysis before and during pregnancy. These include paternal serum and blood maternal serum, blood, and urine amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis or from pools of fluid in the vagina after rupture of the fetal membranes chorionic villi fetal blood obtained by percutaneous umbilical blood sampling and fetal tissue obtained by biopsy. ... 

Fetal blood-maternal blood interface equation ... 

Figure 9 shows the effects of decreasing the oxygen capacity of maternal blood on the maternal axial oxygen partial pressure profile. In the normal case (N2 — 16 ml oxygen/100 ml blood) maternal arterial blood enters the exchange unit at an oxygen partial pressure of 90.5 mm... 

Epigenetic study mother—infant pairs, Mexican early life exposure study, N = 103 cord blood samples Alu, LINE-1 DNA methylation markers in umbilical cord blood Maternal tibia Pb = 10.5 ppm patella Pb = 12.9 ppm Association of patella Pb and LINE-1 tibial Pb with Alu. No link of cord blood Pb with either methylation marker Pilsner et al. (2009)... 

Lead is known to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity. Decreased sperm counts and abnormal sperm development have been reported in male workers heavily exposed to lead. Increased incidences of spontaneous abortion have been reported in female lead workers as well as in the wives of male lead workers (13). Lead crosses the placenta and has been found to cause irreversible neurologic impairment to the fetus at maternal blood levels as... 

Alterations in fetal and maternal heart rates and maternal blood pressure frequently occur when ritodrine is administered IV. Additional frequent adverse reactions associated with IV administration include nausea, vomiting, headache, palpitations, nervousness, restlessness, and emotional upset. A rare, but serious, adverse reaction is pulmonary edema... 

Infants born to mothers whose HBsAg status is unknown should receive the first dose of the hepatitis B vaccine series within 12 hours of birth. Maternal blood should be drawn at the time of delivery to determine the mother s HBsAg status if the HBsAg test is positive, the infant should receive HBIG as soon as possible (no later than age 1 week). 

Fnjita M, Takabatake E. Mercnry levels in human maternal and neonatal blood, hair and milk. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 18 205-209 (1977). 

Placental transfer of trichloroethylene occurs in animals. Trichloroethylene inhaled by pregnant sheep and goats, at levels used to induce analgesia and anesthesia, is rapidly distributed into the fetal circulation, with peak levels occurring approximately 40-50 minutes after maternal exposure (Helliwell and Hutton 1950). The concentration of trichloroethylene in umbilical vein blood was comparable to that found in the maternal carotid artery. 

In most of these studies, prenatal exposure was generally estimated through maternal and/or cord blood lead concentrations. Exposure of the mothers can be assumed to have been primarily through the oral route, but with contribution from the inhalation route as well. The most relevant studies are discussed below, along with results from a few investigations of different markers for lead exposure. 

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