Type of research

Most of the experimental information concerning copolymer microstructure has been obtained by physical methods based on modern instrumental methods. Techniques such as ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy have all been used to good advantage in this type of research. Advances in instrumentation and computer interfacing combine to make these physical methods particularly suitable to answer the question we pose With what frequency do particular sequences of repeat units occur in a copolymer. 

Research in this area focuses on understanding the chemical, thermal, and fluid-mechanical (behavior of fluids) structure of these types of flames. Recent advances in computer based modeled flames requires the knowledge developed in this type of research for calibration, validation, and prediction. 

It is now quite clear that the method is well suited for the type of research planned. 

Whether butadiene reacts with itself to give linear polymers or 8- or 12-carbon rings is a function of the catalyst and conditions used. Development of catalysts needed to give the desired products is the job of catalyst research chemists. Although catalysis is critically important in the chemical industry and much work has been done on it in research laboratories for many years, catalyst development remains more of an art than a predictable science, and the chemists involved in this type of research use methods they have learned experimentally, not from books or in classrooms. 

The JPPA has its own research institute in Ibaraki prefecture and two experimental stations in Kochi and Miyazaki for conducting many types of research services to evaluate the performance of agrochemicals. The research institute and experimental stations have test fields, greenhouses and research laboratories with the capability for chemical analyses. The research institute also provides several services such as identification of virus diseases or other crop pests on plants. 

Various types of research are carried out on ITIESs nowadays. These studies are modeled on electrochemical techniques, theories, and systems. Studies of ion transfer across ITIESs are especially interesting and important because these are the only studies on ITIESs. Many complex ion transfers assisted by some chemical reactions have been studied, to say nothing of single ion transfers. In the world of nature, many types of ion transfer play important roles such as selective ion transfer through biological membranes. Therefore, there are quite a few studies that get ideas from those systems, while many interests from analytical applications motivate those too. Since the ion transfer at an ITIES is closely related with the fields of solvent extraction and ion-selective electrodes, these studies mainly deal with facilitated ion transfer by various kinds of ionophores. Since crown ethers as ionophores show interesting selectivity, a lot of derivatives are synthesized and their selectivities are evaluated in solvent extraction, ion-selective systems, etc. Of course electrochemical studies on ITIESs are also suitable for the systems of ion transfer facilitated by crown ethers and have thrown new light on the mechanisms of selectivity exhibited by crown ethers. 

One response may be that it is possible to manage the red tide at the source of the bloom (8) or that there is no need to manage a red tide over vast areas, merely in localized ones that are of special interest. The point is moot until a suitable control agent is available. A considerable number of chemicals have been reviewed for possible red tide control substances, (9), and in retrospect this type of research is subject to ultimate failure because the first criterion of a successful control agent (chemical or biological) has not been considered. 

Agricultural Chemicals, has forcefully discussed research needs from the standpoint of the experiment stations, and pleads for an intensive attack on pesticidal problems through an organized fundamental type of research. Such an attack needs continued expansion to all research in the broad field of economic poisons as well as in agriculture. 

Some thoughts on White Powder of Gold from Egypt onwards. "There is evidence of this type of research and application in ancient times on Mt. Horeb in the Sinai Peninsula. 

Most large chemical companies spend around 5% of their total gross sales on some type of research. In 1967 the Gulf Research and Development Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Gulf Oil Corp., spent 30,000,000 on research and development.2 Of this, 58% was for processes and 42% was for products. This... 

Research laboratories are very unique facilities which require a great deal of preparation and coordination to produce a proper design. Much like the research that will be performed in the facility, each laboratory has specific needs and requirements. The primary considerations in the design of a research laboratory include the ventilation system, types of research and associated equipment, and safety and health of the work environment. Each of these primary consideration are of equal importance to the development of a successful design. 

In this Chapter emphasis will be put on the planning process while the execution process will be addressed later. In the next sub-Sections the focus of the research, the type of research, the research methodology, the research strategies and methods used will be presented. 

Other, often made distinction in types of research, are between exploration, description, explanation, and testing, van der Zwaan (Zwaan van der, 1990). Exploration is conducted when theoretical knowledge in literature lacks information on which variables are important. Description types of research aim at the relevance of the variables. Explanation types of research aim at identifying the causal links between variables and phenomena. Finally, testing types of research aim at proving the hypotheses derived from the causal links. The research project discussed in this thesis is mainly explorative in nature. The emphasis is to design concepts and a protocol, which increases the understanding of the problem of how and why accidents continue to occur in companies in the chemical process industry. In this way a contribution to the solution of the problem will be made and consequently this research can be typified as applied positivistic exploratory research. 

II, 1918, the number of chemists in the Armed Forces numbered 5,404 and 4,003 of these were employed in chemical work (31). A large proportion of the chemists (about 2000 of these) were members of the Research Division and most of these were engaged in the type of research that had become characteristic of the research on chemical warfare, project-research. 

On a more positive note, the concerted attempts of scientists over the past few decades to unravel the semiochemical communication of mice and especially the work on the MUPs of these animals, could well serve as an excellent example of how this type of research should be approached and of the benefits that can be reaped from interdisciplinary collaboration. 

The Canadian Task Force categorized the quality of evidence based on the type of research study. The quality of evidence was organized into three classes Class I evidence comes from procedures having at least one randomized controlled study to support them. Class II is divided into three subclasses, where II-l involves a well-designed controlled study without randomization. Class II-2 evidence comes from well-designed cohort or case-control studies, preferably carried out at more than one research setting. Class II-3 involves uncontrolled research with dramatic results (e.g., penicillin trials in the 1940s). Class III evidence includes the opinions of experts and authorities in the field based on clinical... 

The effects of cannabis on cognition is a complicated issue. Numerous studies have been conducted to measure the mental effects of cannabis, but many of these are fraught with methodological problems. Several variables must be controlled in this type of research, including the dosage and potency of cannabis used, route of administration (e.g., smoking, oral, etc.), chronicity of dose, and the subject population (nonusers, occasional users, chronic users) employed (table 10.7). Population makeup has a large effect on outcome because there have been differences demonstrated between naive and experienced cannabis users (Murray 1986). 

There are several large impediments to achieving the goal of more accurate risk assessments. First, it often requires a considerable investment in the research necessary to uncover the types of information needed to replace default assumptions in specific cases. If one hypothesizes that di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP, a real and important chemical) produces liver tumors in rodents by mechanisms that either do not apply to humans at all, or that do not operate at low (human) doses, or both, then there arises the question of what type of research information is necessary to test the validity of such hypotheses If such research is actually carried out, then what type of results from that research would allow conclusions to be drawn about the validity of the hypotheses In many specific cases creative and knowledgeable scientists can hypothesize alternatives to the usual defaults and ways to test their validity. But it often turns out to be difficult to arrive at... 

A Cohort III interviewee chose to pursue a career in industry because of the likelihood of more resources to support the type of research that I was interested in pursuing. My research required unusual and expensive instmmentation that was... 

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