Explanations types

Other, often made distinction in types of research, are between exploration, description, explanation, and testing, van der Zwaan (Zwaan van der, 1990). Exploration is conducted when theoretical knowledge in literature lacks information on which variables are important. Description types of research aim at the relevance of the variables. Explanation types of research aim at identifying the causal links between variables and phenomena. Finally, testing types of research aim at proving the hypotheses derived from the causal links. The research project discussed in this thesis is mainly explorative in nature. The emphasis is to design concepts and a protocol, which increases the understanding of the problem of how and why accidents continue to occur in companies in the chemical process industry. In this way a contribution to the solution of the problem will be made and consequently this research can be typified as applied positivistic exploratory research. 

In Section 5.6.6, one will see the details of the modeling treatment of the deviations for the Nernst-Einstein equation outlined here. Of course, a modeling explanation is more enlightening than a general-explanation type of approach. However, the difficulty is that the model of paired ions jumping together applies primarily to a pure liquid electrolyte, or alloy, where the existence of paired vacancies is a fact. Other models would have to be devised for other kinds of systems where deviations do occur (Fig. 4.66). 

Fuerstenau and Healy [100] and to Gaudin and Fuerstenau [101] that some type of near phase transition can occur in the adsorbed film of surfactant. They proposed, in fact, that surface micelle formation set in, reminiscent of Langmuir s explanation of intermediate type film on liquid substrates (Section IV-6). 

One may rationalize emulsion type in terms of interfacial tensions. Bancroft [20] and later Clowes [21] proposed that the interfacial film of emulsion-stabilizing surfactant be regarded as duplex in nature, so that an inner and an outer interfacial tension could be discussed. On this basis, the type of emulsion formed (W/O vs. O/W) should be such that the inner surface is the one of higher surface tension. Thus sodium and other alkali metal soaps tend to stabilize O/W emulsions, and the explanation would be that, being more water- than oil-soluble, the film-water interfacial tension should be lower than the film-oil one. Conversely, with the relatively more oil-soluble metal soaps, the reverse should be true, and they should stabilize W/O emulsions, as in fact they do. An alternative statement, known as Bancroft s rule, is that the external phase will be that in which the emulsifying agent is the more soluble [20]. A related approach is discussed in Section XIV-5. 

It is not surprising, in view of the material of the preceding section, that the heat of chemisorption often varies from the degree of surface coverage. It is convenient to consider two types of explanation (actual systems involving some combination of the two). First, the surface may be heterogeneous, so that a site energy distribution is involved (Section XVII-14). As an example, the variation of the calorimetric differential heat of adsorption of H2 on ZnO is shown in Fig. 

We make one important note here regarding nomenclature. Early explanations of CIDNP invoked an Overhauser-type mechanism, implying a dynamic process similar to spin relaxation hence the word dynamic m the CIDNP acronym. This is now known to be incorrect, but the acronym has prevailed in its infant fomi. 

A different explanation of the high 0 -ratios is based on the view, for which there is some evidence, that in a transition state for substitution which resembles the Wheland intermediate in structure there is a larger positive charge at the - than at the o-position. Substituents of the present type would therefore stabilise the transition state more from the 0-than from the -position. ... 

Further evidence pointing in the same direction was provided by Pierce, Wiley and Smith, who found that on steam activation of a particular char at 900°C the saturation uptake increased three-fold, yet the isotherm was still of Type I. They argued that even if the width of the pores was only two molecular diameters before activation, it would increase, by removal of oxides, during the activation so that the second Type I isotherm would correspond to pores more than two molecular diameters wide. (The alternative explanation, that activation produced new pores of the same width as the old, seems unlikely.)... 

Type V isotherms of water on carbon display a considerable variety of detail, as may be gathered from the representative examples collected in Fig. 5.14. Hysteresis is invariably present, but in some cases there are well defined loops (Fig. 5.14(b). (t ), (capillary-condensed water. Extreme low-pressure hysteresis, as in Fig. 5.14(c) is very probably due to penetration effects of the kind discussed in Chapter 4. 

FIG. 29-2 Typical speed versus torque curves for various NEMA-design squirrel-cage induction motors. (See Table 29-2 for an explanation of design types.)... 

Calculations of this type are carried out for fee, bcc, rock salt, and hep crystal structures and applied to precursor decay in single-crystal copper, tungsten, NaCl, and LiF [17]. The calculations show that the initial mobile dislocation densities necessary to obtain the measured rapid precursor decay in all cases are two or three orders of magnitude greater than initially present in the crystals. Herrmann et al. [18] show how dislocation multiplication combined with nonlinear elastic response can give some explanation for this effect. 

Know and Understand Type Centrifugal Pumps i Cause Explanation... 

As in any new field, new structures demand novel names. As the variety of structures has increased, the names have kept pace. Although some may be dismayed by this, the different names connote not only different structural types or functional groups, but conceptual differences among the various classes as well. In order to introduce the novitiate and perljaps remind the journeyman, we provide a few definitions and explanations herewith. 

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