Tropical cyclone

Reducing environment-related natural disaster vulnerability Average number of deaths per million inhabitants from floods, tropical cyclones, and droughts. Environmental Hazard Exposure Index. 

Climate extremes will intensify (heat waves, heavy showers, etc.) the intensity of tropical cyclones (typhoons) will increase due to further SST rise at low latitudes meridional circulation in the North Atlantic will decrease, on average, by 25% extra-tropical cyclones will shift toward the poles. 

As for the World Ocean, the lack of adequate observational data means reliable trends of precipitation cannot be detected. In recent decades, though, it is likely that intensive and extreme precipitation in NH middle and high latitudes has become more frequent. Since the mid-1970s, ENSO events have been frequent, stable and intensive. This ENSO dynamics was reflected in specific regional variations of precipitation and SAT in most zones of the tropics and sub-tropics. Data on the intensity and frequency of occurrence of tropical and extra-tropical cyclones as well as local storms still remain fragmentary and inadequate and conclusions on any trends cannot be reached (Grigoryev and Kondratyev, 2001a, b). 

Maximum wind intensification in tropical cyclones Not observed, but studied cases are few Some models... 

Intensification of average and maximum rains in tropical cyclones Data are insufficient Some models... 

These along with other data about various parameters of the environment cannot be considered sufficiently complete to resolve the many problems of global ecodynamics studies, since they were not gathered with solution of these problems in mind. The natural anomalies observed in the last decade characterized by fewer cold periods, intensified wind speed in tropical cyclones, and other abrupt deviations from average trends of temperature and precipitation, cannot be formally explained. The reason is that available data are either superfluous regionally or inadequate globally. 

The hurricane season in 2003 was extremely active in the basin of the Atlantic Ocean with sixteen tropical storms, seven hurricanes, and three super-hurricanes. Five of these tropical cyclones led to landslides in the northeast of Mexico. In 2003, destructive hurricanes devastated New Scotland and Bermuda. The formation of five tropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico turned out to be a specific feature of a region in the Atlantic Ocean. Three tropical storms formed outside the usual time interval (June-November), one formed in April, and two in December. In the eastern sector of the Pacific Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere, the activity of storm formation was below usual (there were no large-scale storms here at all). 

Hanshaw M.N. Lozier M.S. and Palter J.B. (2006). The Integrated Impact of Tropical Cyclones on Sea Surface Chlorophyll in the North Atlantic. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006, abstract A13A-0878, Washington, 2006AGUFM.A13A0878H. 

Cyclones are large-scale storms characterized by low pressure in the center surrounded by circular wind motion. The United States National Weather Service technical definition of a tropical cyclone (National... 

The severity of a storm s impact on humans is exacerbated by deforestation, which often occurs as a result of population pressure. When trees disappear along coastlines, winds and storm surges can enter land with greater force. Deforestation on the slopes of hills and mountains increases the risk of violent flash floods and landslides caused by the heavy rain associated with tropical cyclones. At the same time, the beneficial effects of the rainfall—replenishment of the water resources— may be negated because of the inability of a deforested ecosystem to absorb and retain water. 

Maragos, J.E., Baines, G.B.K. and Beveridge, P.J., 1973. Tropical cyclone creates a new land formation on Funafuti Atoll. Science, 181 1161—1164. 

Glacial retreat Threats to fisheries Soil salinization Coastal erosion Tropical cyclones Thermal water pollution... 

Murakami, T. Yoshino, J. Yasuda, T. Iizuka, S. Shimokawa, S. (2011). Atmosphere-Ocean-Wave Coupled Model Performing 4DDA with a Tropical Cyclone Bogussing Scheme to Calculate Storm Surges in an Inner Bay. Asian Journal of Environment and Disaster Management, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 217-228. 

MM5 is a multiscale (10-1000 km) weather prediction system consisting of data analysis and initialization, dynamical prediction, and postprediction diagnosis and verification codes. The MM5 model (Grell et al. 1994) system source codes and documentation are in the public domain (i.e., the Internet) for use by any person. The MM5 model has demonstrated high skill in mesoscale simulation of tropical cyclone-orography interaction (Wu et al. 1999) as well as various mesoscale... 

Hurricanes predominantly effect the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of North America. These weather systems can also occur in other regions of the world where they may be identified by other names such as typhoons or tropical cyclones. Hurricanes that effect North America are spawned over the western Atlantic Ocean and usually develop between July and September. These weather systems are very powerful and can affect the weather pattern for hundreds of miles (kilometers) from the center of the storm. The National Weather Service can usually provide a 2-3 day warning to those areas in the expected path of a hurricane. 

For example, the impact of tropical cyclones Rita and Katrina on production in the Gulf of Mexico was still evident one year later (ElA, 2006a). 

El A (2006a) The Impact of Tropical Cyclones on Gulf of Mexico Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production , Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, June 2006, available at http //www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/pdf/ hurricanes.pdf. 

Hurricanes are storms that develop when warm, moist air carried by trade winds rotates around a low-pressure eye . A large, rotating, low-pressure system accompanied by heavy precipitation and strong winds is called a tropical cyclone or is better known as a hurricane. In the Pacific region, a hurricane is called a typhoon. 

High seas forecasts for the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, eastern Pacific, and south Pacific Oceans These are updated every 6 h. Topics covered include information about winds, waves, marine, and convection. The forecasts address marine warnings for gale, storm, tropical cyclone conditions, reduced visibility, and other marine hazards. 

Offshore waters forecasts for the Southwest North Atlantic, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico These are now-casts through 36-h forecasts (updated every 6 h) and cover marine warnings for gale, storm, and tropical cyclone conditions—as weU as information on reduced visibility and other marine hazards. 

Satellite rainfall estimates The TAFB furnishes satellite rainfall estimates for tropical cyclones or other significant convective systems when they threaten land in the Caribbean Region, southeastern United States, or the west coast of Mexico. 

Tropical/subtropical cyclone position and intensity estimates The TAFB provides the National Hurricane Center with position estimates of tropical cyclones every 3 h and intensity estimates every 6 h. The TAFB position and intensity estimates are not available to the public. 

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