Circular windings

Miinnich, K. O., W. B. Clarke, K. H. Fisscher, D. Flothmann, B. Kromer, W. Roether, U. Siegenthaler, Z. Top, and W. Weiss, Gas exchange and evaporation studies in a circular wind tunnel, continuous radon-222 measurements at sea, and tritium/helium-3 measurements in a lake . In Turbulent Fluxes Through the Sea Surface, Wave Dynamics and Predictions, H. Favre and K. Hasselmann, Eds., Plenum, New York, 1978, pp. 151-165. 

Cyclones are large-scale storms characterized by low pressure in the center surrounded by circular wind motion. The United States National Weather Service technical definition of a tropical cyclone (National... 

Schmundt D, Miinsterer T, Lauer H and Jahne B (1995) The circular wind-wave facility at the University of Heidelberg, in selected papers from the third international symposium on air-water gas transfer, edited by B. Jahne and E.C. Monahan, Aeon Verlag Studio, Hanau, Germany Siddiqui MH, Loewen MR, Asher WE and Jessup AT (2004) Coherent Structures Beneath Wind Waves and their Influence on Air-Water Gas Transfer. J Geophys Res 109 C03024... 

Cyclone Air mass closed in by spiraling (circular) winds that can become a moderate or violent storm, depending on factors of humidity, temperature, and the force, changing direction, and altitude of the winds. 

The native form of chromatin in cells assumes a higher order stmcture called the 30-nm filament, which adopts a solenoidal stmcture where the 10-nm filament is arranged in a left-handed cod (Fig. 5). The negative supercoiling of the DNA is manifested by writhing the hehcal axis around the nucleosomes. Chromatin stmcture is an example of toroidal winding whereas eukaryotic chromosomes are linear, the chromatin stmctures, attached to a nuclear matrix, define separate closed-circular topological domains. 

Vanes may be used to improve velocity distribution and reduce frictional loss in bends, when the ratio of bend turning radius to pipe diameter is less than 1.0. For a miter bend with low-velocity flows, simple circular arcs (Fig. 6-37) can be used, and with high-velocity flows, vanes of special airfoil shapes are required. For additional details and references, see Ower and Pankhurst The Mea.surement of Air Flow, Pergamon, New York, 1977, p. 102) Pankhurst and Holder Wind-Tunnel Technique, Pitman, London, 1952, pp. 92-93) Rouse Engineering Hydraulics, Wiley, New York, 1950, pp. 399 01) and Joreensen Fan Engineerinp, 7th ed., Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, 1970, pp. Ill, 117, 118). 

At night when radiational cooling occurs on slopes, the cool dense air near the surface descends along the slope (Fig. 17-19). This is the downslope wind. To compensate for this descending air, air farther from the slope that is cooled very little is warmer relative to the descending air and rises, frequently resulting in a closed circular path. Where the downslope winds... 

Since wind is circular, it is frequently easier to interpret and visualize the frequency of wind flow subjectively by displaying a wind rose, that is, wind frequencies for each direction oriented according to the azimuth for that direction. Figure 21-8 is a wind rose showing both directional frequencies and wind speed frequencies by six classes from 3-hourly observations for a 5-year period (1965-1969) for O Hare Airport, Chicago. The highest frequencies are from the south and west, the lowest from the southeast and east. 

Prior to an anticipated air release of a hazardous material, a circular evacuation strategy may be appropriate. Evacuation might also be initiated for a keyhole-shaped area baised on prevailing wind conditions. These strategies are illustrated below. When a large number of people aie involved, the evacuation should be staged, that is, arc ls closest to the site should be evacuated first and the evacuation zone gradually expanded. 

The theory for plane jets is similar to descriptions of circular jets (see Section 7.4) and many derived equations describe both two-dimensional (plane) and three-dimensional (round) jets. The principle is to generate such high air velocity that a shield against pressure difference, temperature difference, and wind velocity is sustained. Howeveg it is not possible to have complete separation by an air curtain. The main reason for this, is that the jet entrains air... 

A laminate is a bonded stack of laminae with various orientations of principal material directions in the laminae as in Figure 1-9. Note that the fiber orientation of the layers in Figure 1-9 is not symmetric about the middle surface of the laminate. The layers of a laminate are usually bonded together by the same matrix material that is used in the individual laminae. That is, some of the matrix material in a lamina coats the surfaces of a lamina and is used to bond the lamina to its adjacent laminae without the addition of more matrix material. Laminates can be composed of plates of different materials or, in the present context, layers of fiber-reinforced laminae. A laminated circular cylindrical shell can be constructed by winding resin-coated fibers on a removable core structure called a mandrel first with one orientation to the shell axis, then another, and so on until the desired thickness is achieved. 

A massive amount of propane is instantaneously released in an open field. The cloud assumes a flat, circular shape as it spreads. When the internal fuel concentration in the cloud is about 10% by volume, the cloud s dimensions are approximately 1 m deep and 100 m in diameter. Then the cloud reaches an ignition source at its edge. Because turbulence-inducing effects are absent in this situation, blast effects are not anticipated. Therefore, thermal radiation and direct flame contact are the only hazardous effects encountered. Wind speed is 2 m/s. Relative humidity is 50%. Compute the incident heat flux as a function of time through a vertical surface at 100 m distance from the center of the cloud. 

Ill 1759 Smeaton presented to the Royal Society a paper entitled An Experimental Enquiry concerning the natural Power of Water and Wind to turn mills, and other machines, depending on a circular motion. This paper was the result of a series of experiments carried out in 1752 and 1753, Smeaton having delayed its publication until he had put his deductions into practice. At the time there was a lively debate as to the merits of undershot and overshot waterwheels, but little published data to substantiate various claims. Smeaton s solution to this problem depended solely on experiments made with working... 

Smeaton, J. (17.S9). An Experimental Enquiiy Concerning the Natural Power of Water and Wind to Turn Mills and Other Machinei-y, Depending on a Circular Motion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 51 100-174. 

Fig. 10-5 Sketch of (a) current vectors with depth characteristic of an Eckman spiral (b) relationship between wind, surface current, and net water movement vectors and (c) production of circular gyres from the net interaction of the Coriolis force and Eckman transport.

The colors of the cylinders represent the modern sources of energy oil (black), natural gas (yellow), wind and water (blue) and solar energy (white). Each cylinder consists of 22 movable circular plates around a central stainless steel column. At daylight, the cylinders begin to move up and down and produce energy by means of photovoltaic cells and a hydraulic system at night they rest. 

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