World Ocean

Lisitzin, A. P. (1972). Sedimentation in the world ocean. Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 17, 1-218. 

It is now widely accepted that the compositions of the atmosphere and world ocean are dynamically controlled. The atmosphere and the ocean are nearly homogeneous with respect to most major chemical constituents. Each can be viewed as a reservoir for which processes add material, remove material, and alter the compositions of substances internally. The history of the relative rates of these processes determines the concentrations of substances within a reservoir and the rate at which concentrations change. Commonly, only a few processes predominate in determining the flux of a substance between reservoirs. In turn, particular features of a predominant process are often critical in controlling the flux of a phase through that process. These are rate-controlling steps. 

After L. V. Worthington (1981). The water masses of the world ocean some results of a fine-scale census. In "Evolution of Physical Oceanography" (B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch, eds), pp. 42-69. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 

Because temperature (T) and salinity (S) are the main factors controlling density, oceanographers use T-S diagrams to describe the features of the different water masses. The average temperature and salinity of the world ocean and various parts of the ocean are given in Fig. 10-3 and Table 10-3. The North Atlantic contains the warmest and saltiest water of the major oceans. The Southern Ocean (the region around Antarctica) is the coldest and the North Pacific has the lowest average salinity. 

Fig. 10-12 The A C values of the cores of the North Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean deep waters. The oldest waters are encountered near 40°N in the Pacific Ocean. (Modified with permission from M. Stuiver et al. (1983). Abyssal water carbon-14 distribution and the age of the world oceans. Science 219 849-851, the AAAS.)...

Johnson, K. S., Gordon, R. M. and Coale, K. H. (1997). What controls dissolved iron concentration in the world ocean Mar. Chem. 57,137-161. 

Fig. 11-9 (a) The vertical distributions of alkalinity (Aik) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the world oceans. Ocean regions shown are the North Atlantic (NA), South Atlantic (SA), Antarctic (AA), South Indian (SI), North Indian (NI), South Pacific (SP), and North Pacific (NP) oceans. (Modified with permission from T. Takahashi et ah, The alkalinity and total carbon dioxide concentration in the world oceans, in B. Bolin (1981). Carbon Cycle Modelling," pp. 276-277, John Wiley, Chichester.)... 

Abyssal water carbon-14 distribution and the age of the world oceans. Science 219,849-851. 

Takahashi, T., Broecker, W. S., Werner, S. R, and Bainbridge, A. E. (1980). Carbonate chemistry of the surface waters of the world oceans. In "Isotope Marine Chemistry" (E. P. Goldberg, Y. Horibe and K. Sarubashi, eds), pp. 291-326. Uchida Rokakuho, Tokyo. 

The definition of turnover time is total burden within a reservoir divided by the flux out of that reservoir - in symbols, t = M/S (see Chapter 4). A typical value for the flux of non-seasalt sulfate (nss-SOl"") to the ocean surface via rain is 0.11 g S/m per year (Galloway, 1985). Using this value, we may consider the residence time of nss-S04 itself and of total non-seasalt sulfur over the world oceans. Appropriate vertical column burdens (derived from the data review of Toon et ai, 1987) are 460 fxg S/m for nss-801 and 1700 jig S/m for the sum of DMS, SO2, and nss-S04. These numbers yield residence times of about 1.5 days for nss-S04 and 5.6 days for total non-seasalt sulfur. We might infer that the oxidation process is frequently... 

The deuterium fuel for fusion reactions is present in a virtually inexhaustible supply in the world oceans. 

In this new millennium, during which human activity will bring about unprecedented change in the natural world, ocean scientists are called upon to address a variety of important challenges. The National Research Council (1998) chose to highlight three related research areas in a report, Opportunities in Ocean Sciences Challenges on the Horizon. The focal areas selected were ... 

The urgent need for nutrient standards was demonstrated during the recently completed World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) measurements which were made by different laboratories. The internal consistency of the nutrient data was evaluated by comparing measurements made in deep water (depth over 3500 m) at nearby stations on different cruises. If one assumes that nutrient concentrations in deep water at the same location should not... 

Goericke, R., and B. Fry. 1994. Variations of marine plankton 813C with latitude, temperature, and dissolved CO2 in the world ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8(l) 85-90. 

Kroopnik, P. 1985. The distribution of 13C of SC02 in the world oceans. Deep-Sea Research I 32 57-84. 

Toggweiler, J.R., K. Dixon, and K. Bryan. 1989. Simulations of radiocarbon in a coarse-resolution world ocean model 1. Steady state prebomb distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research 94(C6) 8217-8242. 

Johnson TM, Bullen TD (2004) Mass-dependent fractionation of selenium and chromim isotopes in low-temperature environments. Rev Mineral Geochem 55 289-317 Johnson KS, Gordon RM, Coale KH (1997) What cond ols dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean ... 

Data from GEOSECS, TTO, BATS, and HOTS and other major oceanographic research projects, such as the WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) are available online. The GEOSECS, TTO, and WOCE datasets are part of the Java Ocean Atlas, which provides a graphic exploration environment for generating vertical profiles, cross-sections, and property-property plots. Many of the data presented in this text were obtained from this source. 

The temperature and salinity of 99% of ooean water are represented by points with the stippled area enclosed by the 99% oontour. The shaded area represents the range of temperature and salinity of 75% of the water in the world ocean. Source From Gross, M. G. (1987). Oceanography A View of the Earth, 4th ed. Prentice Flail, Inc., p. 164. 

Annually averaged salinity of surface seawater In the world s oceans. Source-. After Levltus, S. (1982). Climatological atlas of the world ocean. NOAA Professional Paper 13, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. (See companion website for color version.)... 

Annual percent saturation of dissolved oxygen in (a) surface waters (Om) and (b) 50 m water depth. Source-. From Garcia, FI. E., et al. (2006). World Ocean Atlas 2005, Volume 3 Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Oxygen Saturation. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 63, U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 342. 

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