Toxicology chronic toxicity

Toxicological Chronic toxicity Carcinogenicity Fertility study (multi-generation) Embryotoxicity (non-rodent) Acute/subacute toxicity in 2nd species Toxicokinetics... 

CAS 26447-10-9 EINECS/ELINCS 247-710-9 Synonyms Benzenesulfonic acid, dimethyl-, ammonium salt Definition Ammonium salt of ring sulfonated mixed xylene isomers Empirical C HioOsS H,N Properties Sol. in water m.w. 203.26 anionic Toxicology Chronic toxicity or skin effects are not known narcotic in high doses TSCA listed Precaution Flamm. 

Vanillin has a low potential for acute and chronic toxicity, with a reported oral LD q in rats of 1580—3300 mg/kg. Dietary doses up to 20,000 ppm adrninistered to rats for two years resulted in no adverse toxicologic or carcinogenic effects. Vanillin is classified as a GRAS substance by EEMA. Consequently, at levels normally found in the human diet, vanillin would present no significant health or carcinogenic risk to humans. 

Acute and Chronic Toxicity. Although chromium displays nine oxidation states, the low oxidation state compounds, -II to I, all require Special conditions for existence and have very short lifetimes in a normal environment. This is also tme for most organ ochromium compounds, ie, compounds containing Cr—C bonds. Chromium compounds that exhibit stabiUty under the usual ambient conditions are limited to oxidation states II, III, IV, V, and VI. Only Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds are produced in large quantities and are accessible to most of the population. Therefore, the toxicology of chromium compounds has been historically limited to these two states, and virtually all of the available information is about compounds of Cr(III) and/or Cr(VI) (59,104). However, there is some indication that Cr(V) may play a role in chromium toxicity (59,105—107). Reference 104 provides an overview and summary of the environmental, biological, and medical effects of chromium and chromium compounds as of the late 1980s. 

Not all contaminants or chemicals are created equal in their capacity to cause adi ersc effects. Thus, cleanup standards or action levels are based in part on the compounds toxicological properties. Toxicity data are derived largely from animal experiments in which llie aninuils (primarily mice mid rats) are exposed to increasingly liighcr concentrations or doses. Responses or effects can vary widely from no obscn ablc effect to temporary and reversible effects, to permanent injury to organs, to chronic functional impairment to ultimately, death. 

Hansen, D.J., Parrish, P.R., and Lowe, J. et al. (1971). Chronic toxicity, uptake, and retention of Aroclor-1254 in 2 estuarine fishes. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 6, 113-119. 

Toxicological Fertility study (one generation) Embryotoxicity (one species) Subchronic/chronic toxicity (one species) Additional mutagenicity... 

CUT (Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology). 1982. 104-week chronic toxicity study in rats Aniline hydrochloride. Final report. CIIT, Research Triangle Park, NC. 

Many pharmaceuticals need more investigation about their potential long-term eco-toxicological effects. There is also a general lack of chronic toxicity data on pharmaceuticals, in particular in fish. Furthermore, the potential of combined effects of pharmaceutical mixtures should be addressed. 

Ward, G.S., G.C. Cramm, P.R. Parrish, H. Trachman, and A. Slesinger. 1981. Bioaccumulation and chronic toxicity of bis(tributyltin)oxide (TBTO) tests with a salt water fish. Pages 183-200 in D.R. Branson and K.L. Dickson (eds.). Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment fourth conference. ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 737, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 

The period of the test depends on whether long- or short-term effects are of interest. Acute toxicity is the effect of a single exposure or a series of exposures close together in a short period of time. Chronic toxicity is the effect of multiple exposures occurring over a long period of time. Chronic toxicity studies are difficult to perform because of the time involved most toxicological studies are based on acute exposures. The toxicological study can be complicated by latency, an exposure that results in a delayed response. 

Horn HJ, Weir RJ Inhalation toxicology of chlorine trifluoride. II. Chronic toxicity. AMA Arch Ind Health 13 340-345, 1956... 

Smyth FIF, Smyth FIF Jr., Carpenter CP. 1936. The chronic toxicity of carbon tetrachloride animal exposure and field studies. Journal of Industrial Flygiene and Toxicology 18 277-298. 

Schwaiger J., O. H. Spieser, C. Bauer, H. Ferling, U. Mallow, W. Kalbfus, and R. D. Negele (2000). Chronic toxicity of nonylphenol and ethinyl-estradiol Flaematological and histo-pathological effects in juvenile common carp (Cyprirus carpio). Aquatic Toxicology 51 69-78. 

The National Toxicology Program performed a subchronic study of CN to generate data on the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) of this agent preparatory to launching a full-scale chronic-toxicity and carcinogenicity bioassay.38 The test was conducted in Fischer 344... 

Occupational and toxicological studies have demonstrated adverse health effects from exposure to toxic contaminants. Emissions data from stationary and mobile sources are used in an atmospheric dispersion model to estimate outdoor concentrations of 148 toxic contaminants for each of the 60,803 census tracts in the contiguous United States for 1990. Approximately 10% of all census tracts had estimated concentrations of one or more carcinogenic HAPs at a greater than l-in-10,000 risk level. Twenty-two pollutants with chronic toxicity benchmark concentrations had modeled concentrations in excess of these benchmarks, and approximately 200 census tracts had a modeled concentration 100 times the benchmark for at least one of these pollutants. This comprehensive assessment of air toxics concentrations across the United States indicates hazardous air pollutants may pose a potential public health problem (Woodruff et al., 1998). 

Dose In the context of chemicals, the temi dose means the amount, quantity, or portion of the chemical exposed to or applied to the target (e.g., a human being). It may also refer to a consistent measure used in toxicological testing to determine acute and chronic toxicities. An alternate definition is die amount of ionizing radiation energy absorbed per unit mass of irradiated material at a specific location, such as a part of die human body, measured in REMS, or an inanimate body, measured in rads. 

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