Of pathologic effects

PMN infiltration also occurs following exposure to some common microbial cotton contaminants (Enterobacter aerogenes (44), Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coll), but not others (. subtills) (45). Cotton dust extracts pretreated at 80 C and 100 C for 20 minutes cause successively higher leucocyte responses, indicating that the chemotactlc effect is not solely affected by viable bacteria (46). Thus, while the increase seen in PMNs may not, by itself, represent a pathological alteration, it could be of importance in the later development of pathological effects. 

This solvent, once used extensively in dry cleaning and even as an anesthetic is primarily hepatotoxic, causing two different types of pathological effect. The hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride has probably been more extensively studied than that of any other hepatotoxin, and there is now a wealth of data available. Its toxicity has been studied both from the biochemical and pathological viewpoints, and therefore the data available provide particular insight into mechanisms of toxicity. 

Teratogenicity specifically refers to the subcategory of pathological effects after the implantation of the embryo and up to the first 3 months of pregnancy in humans, where major tissues and organs differentiate and develop, and major malformations may result. 

Holt PF. 1974. Small animals in the study of pathological effects of asbestos. Environ Health Perspect 9 205-211. 

Table 1 Classification of adverse drug reactions on the basis of pathological effect (Liebler and Guengerich 2005)...

The unusual physical complaints and findings in workers overexposed to teUurium include somnolence, anorexia, nausea, perspiration, a metallic taste in the mouth and garlic-like odor on the breath (48). The unpleasant odor, attributed to the formation of dimethyl teUuride, has not been associated with any adverse health symptoms. Tellurium compounds and metaboUc products have been identified in exhaled breath, sweat, urine, and feces. Elimination is relatively slow and continuous exposure may result in some accumulation. No definite pathological effects have been observed beyond the physical complaints outlined. Unlike selenium, teUurium has not been proved to be an essential biological trace element. 

Sufficient numbers of control animals should be employed. The use of such controls allows a determination of normal values for features monitored ki the study and background kicidence of pathology ki the population studied detection of the onset of adverse conditions, eg, infection, which are unrelated to, and detrimental to, the conduct of the study and deviation of monitored features between controls and exposed animals, which may kidicate a treatmentrelated effect. 

Chemical Pathology. Also referred to as clinical chemistry, this monitoring procedure involves the measurement of the concentration of certain materials in the blood, or of certain enzyme activities in semm or plasma. A variety of methods exist that allow (to variable degrees of specificity) the definition of a particular organ or tissue injury, the nature of the injurious process, and the severity of the effect (76). 

Hymes, 1., 1983, The Physiological and Pathological Effects of Thermal Radiation, UKAEA Safety and Reliability Directorate, Report SRD R275, Culcheth U.K. 

Maximum body heat storage (Q, 3, ) The maximum value of the body heat gain achievable by the subject such that the resulting increase in body core temperature does not induce pathological effect, in W h nr-. 

Hymes, J. 1983. The physiological and pathological effects of thermal radiation. SRD R 275. U.K. Atomic Energy Authority. 

Dust can be said to be a solid broken down into powder, and the form that it takes will have different effects on the body. Fibrous dusts can attack tissue directly while others may be composed of poisons, which are absorbed into the bloodstream. For the purpose of this chapter, fumes can be regarded as very small particles resulting from the chemical reaction or condensation of vapor, which can have the same two effects. It is not necessary for plant engineers to have an in-depth knowledge of pathology, only that they must be aware of the possible results of exposure to dusts and fumes. 

Acute effects of a particular drug and the chronic pathological effects... 

The adverse pathological effects of dental silicate cement have been known since Kulka (191 la,b). Since then many workers have observed that this cement causes significant pulpal inflammation (McComb, 1982). 

Kulka, M. (1911a). The possible chemical or pathological effects of cement filling. Dental Items of Interest, 33, 360-74. 

Iron overload is known to be toxic and potentially fatal. The major pathological effects of hepatic iron overload are fibrosis and cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (Bonkovsky, 1991). The role of free radicals in the pathology of hepatic iron overload has been the subject of a detailed review recently (Bacon and Britton, 1990). 

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