Consistency measurement

A typical shock-compression wave-profile measurement consists of particle velocity as a function of time at some material point within or on the surface of the sample. These measurements are commonly made by means of laser interferometry as discussed in Chapter 3 of this book. A typical wave profile as a function of position in the sample is shown in Fig. 7.2. Each portion of the wave profile contains information about the microstructure in the form of the product of and v. The decaying elastic wave has been an important source of indirect information on micromechanics of shock-induced plastic deformation. Taylor [9] used measurements of the decaying elastic precursor to determine parameters for polycrystalline Armco iron. He showed that the rate of decay of the elastic precursor in Fig. 7.2 is given by (Appendix)... 

The vent sizing package (VSP) was developed by Fauskes Associates, Inc. The VSP and its latest version VSP2 employ the low thermal mass test cell stainless steel 304 and Hastelloy test cell with a volume of 120 ml contained in a 4-1, high-pressure vessel as shown in Figure 12-13. The typical ([t-factor is 1.05-1.08 for a test cell wall thickness of 0.127-0.178 mm. Measurements consist of sample temperature Tj and pressure Pj, and external guard temperature Tj and... 

Group Bl, 100% of the measure consistent with the IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health) value for R-123. 

The basic principle of most colorimetric measurements consists in comparing under well-defined conditions the colour produced by the substance in unknown amount with the same colour produced by a known amount of the material being determined. The quantitative comparison of these two solutions may, in general, be carried out by one or more of six methods. It is not essential to prepare a series of standards with the spectrophotometer the molar absorption coefficient can be calculated from one measurement of the absorbance or... 

A depolarization measurement consists of exciting a fluorescent sample with linearly polarized light and measuring the polarization of emitted light at right angles to the plane of excitation. The polarization of the emitted light is defined as... 

Electrokinetic measurements consisted of measuring the viscosity with and without NaGl (Carlo Erba, Argentine) (Figures 3-a and 3-b), while the isoelectric point (figure 2) and zeta potential (figure 3-c) were measured at different pH (HCl Ciccarelli and NaOH Tetrahedrom, Argentine). 

Petroleum and chemical engineers perform oil reservoir simulation to optimize the production of oil and gas. Black-oil, compositional or thermal oil reservoir models are described by sets of differential equations. The measurements consist of the pressure at the wells, water-oil ratios, gas-oil ratios etc. The objective is to estimate through history matching of the reservoir unknown reservoir properties such as porosity and permeability. 

Each serie of measurements consisted of two parallel samples with counting during and after sampling, one with the screen diffusion battery and the second as the reference sample, so that the fractional free radon daughters could be calculated. The radon daughters are collected on a membrane filter (filter diameter 25 mm, pore diameter 1.2 ym) and the decays of Po-218 and Po-214 are counted by means of alpha spectrometry with a surface barrier detector (area 300 mn ). 

A radial temperature measurement consisted of establishing and recording a steady-state temperature profile for a combination of a specific bed length, Reynolds number, and angle of thermocouple cross. A total of four... 

About twenty years ago we reported on the di-isothiocyanato iron(II) complex of the tetradentate ligand tpa (tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) [7] (6). It was shown that this complex exhibits the spin crossover phenomenon with a critical temperature Tm of about 170 K. Several different solvated phases of the same system have since been characterized by Chansou et al. [8]. The unsolvated phase which can be isolated from an aqueous solution has been investigated by nuclear forward scattering (NFS), nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) [9], extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, conventional Mossbauer spectroscopy, and by measurements of the magnetic susceptibility (SQUID) [10-13]. The various measurements consistently show that the transition is complete and abrupt and it exhibits a hysteresis loop between 102 and 110 K. 

Equation 3.64 shows that the total discharge rate Q that is measured consists of normal, genuine flow given by the integral term, plus the extra discharge due to slip. The slip term is simply the slip velocity v, multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the pipe. 

Policy instruments (see Table 19.5) to meet the various sustainability targets may be classified into infrastructure investment, traffic demand management (TDM), regulation, pricing and support research and development (R D) in new technologies. Each of these measures consists of several variants, which will, however, not be considered in detail in this volume. The following matrix undertakes an attempt to propose the appropriateness of the various classes of policy measures to meet specific subobjectives of a sustainable transport development. 

A ratiometric measurement consists of monitoring the ratio Y(X )/Y(A2) given by... 

In 1951 Newman and Deno reported i-factor measurements consistent with the formation of the 2,4,6,a,a-pentamethylbenzyl cation 21 and the heptamethylbenzyl cation 22 in 100% H2SO4. Three U.V. studies... 

Discussion We gave low dose BZ, since the purpose was primarily to measure the amount of BZ excreted intact in the urine, and to test the reliability and sensitivity of the urinary assay method, developed by Kondritzer Animal studies had indicated that only a small fraction of injected BZ was recoverable from urine. Human excretion results likewise showed the fraction of intact drug in the urine to be quite small with most of the BZ consisting of its metabolites. Clinical measures consisted only of general observation and periodic vital signs. Behavioral changes were mild. (The potency of the BZ used in these early studies was found to be less than 90% of the stated value. We were provided with a purer batch for subsequent studies.)... 

The electronic components for the measurements consisted of EG Q Model 173 Potentiostat equipped with slow sweep option (0.1 mv/sec) and EG G Model 376 Logarithmic Current Converter. An EG G Model 175 Universal Programmer supplied the waveform for running the polarization experiment. The output from the electrometer of the 173 and the log output of the 376 were connected to a Hewlett-Packard Model 7036B X-Y Recorder and the potential plotted versus log current. 

Most contrast agents elicit nephrotoxicity because they are primarily excreted by the kidneys. However, when administered in small doses, they constitute a rich source of GFR markers. The two major classes of contrast agents that are finding clinical utility as GFR markers are iodinated aromatic compounds and metal complexes. lodinated aromatics such as iohexol and iothalamate (Fig. 13) are commonly used as contrast agents for computed tomography (GT). They also have pharmacokinetics similar to inulin and hence are useful indicators of renal status [215]. The iodinated molecules used for GFR measurements consist of a triiodo-benzene core and hydrophilic groups to enhance solubility in aqueous medium. 

Imaging studies have shown increased amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release, increased baseline occupancy of striatal D2 receptors by extracellular dopamine, and other measures consistent with increased striatal dopamine synthesis and release. 

The actual measurement consists of displaying the laser emissions (phototube B) and the RC output (phototube A) on a dual-beam oscilloscope. The RC value is then adjusted until the output voltage from phototube A at the onset of oscillation is an invariant. 

Despite its importance in some circumstances, the measurement of tack has not attracted the attention of standards committees and satisfactory tests have been few and far between. ISO TC 45 started work on a method but abandoned it through lack of interest. In essence, tack measurements consist... 

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