Common carp

Species such as carp, salmon, trout, channel catfish, and tilapia have been bred for many generations in captivity though they usually differ httle in appearance or genetically from their wild counterparts. A few exceptions exist, such as the leather carp, a common carp strain selectively bred to produce only one row of scales, and the Donaldson trout, a strain of rainbow trout developed over numerous generations to grow more rapidly to larger size and... 

Anesthetics. Ethyl amiaobenzoate [94-09-7] (benzocaiae), C2H22NO2, is the only anesthetic candidate that might allow spawned-out broodstock carcasses to be used for pet or human food. Studies are still required to determine which residues remain ia the carcasses (9). Electronarcosis is an alternative to chemical anesthesia that uses varying electrical frequencies to rapidly anesthetize fishes and allow gentie recovery. Electronarcosis has been used effectively on tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and the common carp Cyprinus carpid) and the technique is being tested with other fishes (23,24). 

Watanuki, H., Yamaguchi, T., and Sakai, M. (2002). Suppression in function of phagocytic cells in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. injected with estradiol, progesterone or 11-ketotestosterone. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C—Toxicology and Pharmacology 132, 407 13. 

Stapleton HM, B Brazil, RD Holbrook, CL Mitchelmore, R Benedict, A Konstatinov, D Potter (2006) In vivo and in vitro debromination of decabromodiphenmyl ether (BDE 209) by juvenile rainbow trout and common carp. Environ Sci Technol 40 4653-4658. 

Seemamahannop, R., Berthod, A., Maples, M., Kapila, S., Armstrong, D.W. (2005). Uptake and enantioselective elimination of chlorodane compounds by common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.) Chemosphere 45, 493-500. 

First, a brief explanation of the current knowledge regarding the sources and cycling of Hg and its transformation into MeHg is presented. Later, in this chapter, THg and limited data on organomercury levels in aquatic organisms of the Ebro River basin are detailed. The aquatic organisms most commonly studied in the Ebro River basin are zebra mussel, red swamp crayfish, and different fish species, namely European catfish, northern pike, common carp, rudd, roach, barbell, and bleak. 

In addition to its broad occurrence under contrasting conditions, easy collection, relatively long life span, and resistance to the accumulation of toxic chemicals, zebra mussels provide a link between the pelagic and benthic food webs, possibly creating a rapid pathway for contaminant transfer from sediments to predators such as common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and, occasionally, humans [32, 42—4-7]. Consequently, zebra mussel has been considered a potential sentinel organism for assessing Hg redistribution from point sources in the Ebro River and the degree of bioavailability to river and wetland food webs. 

Northern pike (Esox lucius), an esocidae species, is considered one of the most widely distributed freshwater fish [57]. It is a piscivorous species, consisting its diet on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and roach Rutilus rutilus). Nevertheless, in the absence of prey fish, invertebrate feeding could be important for this species [58, 59]. 

Northern pike (1.93 pg/g) exhibited a significantly higher mean mercury concentration than common carp (1.23 pg/g). This result indicates a biomagnification of mercury from common carp, a larger secondary consumer, to northern pike, a tertiary consumer. Nevertheless, barbel (1.98 pg/g), also a secondary consumer, showed a mean THg level similar to that of northern pike. Different behavioral habits may explain the high mercury levels found in barbel species. 

The determination of THg levels in liver, kidney, and muscle of common carp from the Flix area and sampling points of interest located downstream has been extensively reported [33, 34]. In this regard, the specimens were collected in five stations, namely Ribaroja reservoir (located 10 Km upstream from Flix) the Flix reservoir (chlor-alkali plant and a waste dumping site) Asco, Xerta, and the irrigation channels of the Ebro Delta Natural Park, three sites situated 5.6 Km, 37 Km, and 70 Km downstream from Flix, respectively (Fig. 2). 

Mean THg concentrations in liver, kidney, and muscle of common carp from the different sampling points are listed in Table 3. 

Additionally, the determination of THg levels in muscle of some fish species within the Flix reservoir has been studied (Diez, unpublished results). As expected, THg concentrations increased with trophic level. A comparison between mercury levels in muscle tissue of the individual fish species (p < 0.05) produced the following order European catfish > common carp > rudd > roach. Average THg concentrations (in ww) in muscle of European catfish (n = 9), common carp (n = 30), rudd (n = 20), and roach (n = 5) were 0.848 0.476 ig/g 0.333 0.155 pg/g 0.283 0.163 pg/g and 0.217 0.199 pg/g, respectively. The relative trophic level of the analyzed species is based on a generalized knowledge of the species and stomach contents of the studied adult fish populations [56, 60, 62, 71],... 

Garcia-Berthou E (2001) Size- and depth-dependent variation in habitat and diet of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquat Sci 63 466-476... 

Iger, Y., R.A.C. Lock, J.C.A. van der Meij, and S.E.W. Bonga. 1994. Effects of water-borne cadmium on the skin of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26 342-350. 

Hertz, Y., Z. Madar, B. Hepher, and A. Gertler. 1989. Glucose metabolism in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) the effects of cobalt and chromium. Aquaculture 76 255-267. 

Common carp, Cyprinus carpio 100 pg/L for Skin histopathology 102 ... 

Common carp, Cyprinus carpio recently-fertilized eggs exposed to 25-186 pg/L at pH 7.5 or 5.6 Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush At pH 7.5, lead increased heart rate and decreased body movements. At pH 5.6 there was a dose-dependent reduction in survival and increase in spinal cord deformities 42... 

North Dakota and Minnesota, Red River of the North, 1994 Common carp ... 

Common carp, Cyprinus carpio Held in radiosilver-110m solutions for Whole body BCF during immersion rose rapidly and 27... 

Common carp, Cyprinus carpio 10 BCFs after 45 days ranged between 5 in muscle and 88 in blood 3... 

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