Toxicity, chromium

Acute and Chronic Toxicity. Although chromium displays nine oxidation states, the low oxidation state compounds, -II to I, all require Special conditions for existence and have very short lifetimes in a normal environment. This is also tme for most organ ochromium compounds, ie, compounds containing Cr—C bonds. Chromium compounds that exhibit stabiUty under the usual ambient conditions are limited to oxidation states II, III, IV, V, and VI. Only Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds are produced in large quantities and are accessible to most of the population. Therefore, the toxicology of chromium compounds has been historically limited to these two states, and virtually all of the available information is about compounds of Cr(III) and/or Cr(VI) (59,104). However, there is some indication that Cr(V) may play a role in chromium toxicity (59,105—107). Reference 104 provides an overview and summary of the environmental, biological, and medical effects of chromium and chromium compounds as of the late 1980s. 

Shukla, O.P., Dubey, S., and Rai, U.N., Preferential accumulation of cadmium and chromium Toxicity in Bacopa monnieri L. under mixed metal treatments, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 78, 252-257, 2007. 

Murti, R., O. Omkar, and G.S. Shukla. 1983. Chromium toxicity to a freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lamarrei (H.M. Edwards). Toxicol. Lett. 18 257-261. 

Wong, P.T.S. and J.T. Trevors. 1988. Chromium toxicity to algae and bacteria. Pages 305-315 in J.O. Nriagu and E. Nieboer (eds.). Chromium in Natural and Human Environments. John Wiley, NY. 

Nath, K. and Kumar, N. Hexavalent chromium toxicity and its impact on certain aspects of carbohydrate metabolism of the freshwater tel eost, Colisa fasciatus, Sci. Total Environ., 72 175-181, 1988. 

R. Codd, J. A. Irwin, and P. A. Lay, Sialoglycoprotein and carbohydrate complexes in chromium toxicity, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 7 (2003) 213-219. 

In a modification of the original work, the amount of chromium (TOXIC) needed was reduced by making it R catalytic by a coupled q—/... 

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Case studies in environmental medicine Chromium toxicity, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, 1993. 

An age-related difference in the extent of gastrointestinal absorption of chromium(III) was reported in one study (Sullivan et al. 1984) it is not known if a similar relationship would exist for chromium(VI). No other information is available which evaluated potential differences between adults and children. Toxicokinetic studies examining how aging can influence the absorption, distribution, and excretion of chromium, particularly chromium(VI) would be useful in assessing children s susceptibility to chromium toxicity. There are no data to determine whether there are age-specific biomarkers of exposure or effects or any interactions with other chemicals that would be specific for children. There is very little available information on methods for reducing chromium toxic effects or body burdens it is likely that research in adults would also be applicable to children. 

Patierno SR George Washington University DNA crosslinking in chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis NIEHS... 

Bianchi V, Dal Toso R, Debetto P, et al. 1980. Mechanisms of chromium toxicity in mammalian cell cultures. Toxicology 17 219-224. 

Gad SC. 1989. Acute and chronic systemic chromium toxicity. Sci Total Environ 86 149-157. 

Ramana VV, Sastry KS. Chromium toxicity in Neurospora Crassa. J Inorg Biochem 56 87-95. 

Ryberg D, Alexander J. 1990. Mechanisms of chromium toxicity in mitochrondria. Chem Biol Interac 75 141-151. 

Gendusa, T. C. and T. L. Beitinger. 1992. External biomarkers to assess chromium toxicity in adult Lepomis macrochirus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 48 237-242. 

Dayan AD, Paine AJ. Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity review of the literature from 1985 to 2000. Hum Exp Toxicol 2001 20(9) 439-51. 

Alpoim MC, Geraides CF, Oliveira CR, Lima MC. Molecular mechanisms of chromium toxicity Oxidation of hemoglobin, Biochem Soc Trans 1995 23 241S. 

In what follows, we pass in review aluminium, cadmium, mercury, lead, and chromium toxicity before turning briefly to metals as poisons. 

PuDDU A, Pettine M, LaNogf T Pagnotta R and Bacciu F (1988) Factors affecting thallium and chromium toxicity to marine algae. Sci Total Environ 71 572. 

Chromium Toxic pollutant hexavalent Cr AAS, photometry, titration, polarography... 

B. Mechanisms of Chromium Toxicity at Cellular and Subcellular Levels... 

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