Toxicity of metals

B. Venugopal and T. D. Luckey, Metal Toxicity in Mammals Chemical Toxicity of Metals and Metalloids, Vol. 2, Plenum Press, New York, 1978. 

R. A. Goyer, "Toxicity of Metals", Metals Handbook, 10th ed., Vol. 2, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 1990. 

J. R. Glover and V. Vouk, ia L. Eriberg and co-workers, eds.. Handbook on Toxicity of Metals, Elsevier/North HoUand Biomedical Press,... 

The bioavailability, and hence the toxicity, of metal depends on the physical and chemical form of the metal, which in turn depends on the chemical characteristics of the surrounding water. The dissolved form of the metal is generally viewed as more bioavailable and therefore more toxic than the particulate form. Particiilate matter and dissolved organic matter can bind the metal, making it less bioavailable. What is not well known or documented is the various chemical transformations that occur both within the effluent stream and when the effluent reaches and mixes with the receiving water. Metal that is not bioavailable in the effluent may become bioavailable under ambient chemical conditions. 

D. A. Wilkins, The influence of sheathing (ecto-) niycorrhizas of trees on the uptake and toxicity of metals. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 35 245 (1991). 

Another possible explanation for the observation that increased toxicity of metals occurs as pH increases is the formation of species that are more toxic, such as the hydroxo-metal species.101138139... 

Wastewaters generated from manufacturing plants that produce or use inorganic chemicals vary considerably, depending on raw materials, type of process, and the end product, among others. A screening program is often conducted to determine the presence, concentration, and toxicity of metal ions in such wastewaters. The minimum detection limits for the toxic metals are presented in Table 22.1. 

Laughlin NK, Bowman RE, Levin ED, et al. 1983. Neurobehavioral consequences of early exposure to lead in Rhesus monkeys Effects on cognitive behaviors. In Clarkson TW, Nordberg GF, Sager PR, eds. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of metals. New York, NY Plenum Press, 497-515. 

S.J. Stohs and D. Bagchi, Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radical Biol. Med. 18, 321-336 (1995). 

Toxicity of six toxicants (Zn2+ > ethidium bromide > sodium pentachloro- 208 phenate > Cu2+ > 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid sodium dodecyl sulfate = no) on a recombinant Escherichia coli Toxicity of metals in soils amended with sewage sludge 209... 

Elder JF, Collins JJ (1991) Fresh-water mollusks as indicators of bioavailability and toxicity of metals in surface-water systems. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 122 37-79... 

Hale, J.G. 1977. Toxicity of metal mining wastes. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17 66-73. 

Home, M.T. and W.A. Dunson. 1995. Toxicity of metals and low pH to embryos and larvae of the Jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29 110-114. 

Campbell, P.G.C. and P.M. Stokes. 1985. Acidification and toxicity of metals to aquatic biota. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 2034-2049. 

Dawson, D.A., E.F. Stebber, S.L. Burks, and J.A. Bantle. 1988. Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of metal-contaminated sediments using short-term fathead minnow and frog embryo-larval assays. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1 27-34. 

Neuhauser, E.F., R.C. Loehr, D.L. Milligan, and M.R. Malecki. 1985. Toxicity of metals to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Biol. Fertil. Soils 1 149-152. 

In addition, many other aspects must be considered when developing a catalytic reaction for industrial use these include catalyst separation, stability and poisoning, handling problems, space-time yield, process sensitivity and robustness, toxicity of metals and reagent, and safety aspects, as well as the need for high-pressure equipment. 

In an extension of the FIAM model, the biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals assumes that a given toxic effect occurs when the concentration of metal bound to biotic ligands exceeds a certain threshold concentration [203-205]. This model has been successfully applied to rationalise toxicity data from fish and Daphnia. Although the identity and abundance of biotic ligands is not known, modelling has revealed that the critical biotic ligand concentrations are much lower in Crustacea than in fish [203,204],... 

Santore, R. C., Di Toro, D. M., Paquin, P. R., Allen, H. E. and Meyer, J. S. (2001). Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 2. Application to acute copper toxicity in freshwater fish and Daphnia, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 2397-2402. 

Complexation of metals with organic compounds can also increase the toxicity of metals. This is the case with mercury, in which the organo-Hg species, methyl- and dimethylmercury, are fer more toxic than elemental or ionic mercury (Hg (aq)). The enhanced toxicity is caused by the increased tendency of the organo species to be retained, and therefore concentrated within, organisms. As discussed in Chapter 28.6.8, mercury is naturally biomethylated by bacteria under conditions of low pH and low... 

Acidification of acid-sensitive waters is accompanied by severe changes in biological communities. Effects range from reductions in diversity without changes in total biomass to elimination of all organisms. In many cases the immediate cause of the changes is unknown. Some effects are the result of H" toxicity itself or of the toxicity of metals mobilized from the watershed, others have more indirect causes such as changes in predator-prey interactions or in physical conditions of lakes (ex. transparency). [14]... 

Although the toxicity of metallic copper is very low, many copper(II) salts may have varying degrees of toxicity. Inhalation of dusts, mists or fumes of the metal can cause nasal perforation, cough, dry throat, muscle ache, chills and metal fever. Copper in trace amounts is a nutritional requirement, used metaholically in plant and animal enzymes and other biological molecules. It can be either a toxicant or a nutrient within a concentration that may be in the same order of magnitude. 

Caution. Because of the toxicity of metal cyanide compounds, all reactions must be carried out in a well-ventilated fume hood, in particular avoiding exposure to acid. 

Caution. Due to toxicity of metal carbonyls and possible evolution of toxic carbon monoxide, this procedure should be carried out in a well-ventilated hood. 

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