Biotic ligand

Campbell, P. G. C., Errecalde, O., Fortin, C., Hiriart-Baer, W. R. and Yigneault, B. (2002). Metal bioavailability to phytoplankton - applicability of the biotic ligand model, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, 133, 189-206. 

In an extension of the FIAM model, the biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals assumes that a given toxic effect occurs when the concentration of metal bound to biotic ligands exceeds a certain threshold concentration [203-205]. This model has been successfully applied to rationalise toxicity data from fish and Daphnia. Although the identity and abundance of biotic ligands is not known, modelling has revealed that the critical biotic ligand concentrations are much lower in Crustacea than in fish [203,204],... 

Santore, R. C., Di Toro, D. M., Paquin, P. R., Allen, H. E. and Meyer, J. S. (2001). Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 2. Application to acute copper toxicity in freshwater fish and Daphnia, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 2397-2402. 

When biological uptake does not perturb the external medium, then /int can be given by equation (35). As discussed above, this limiting condition is assumed to occur in both the free-ion activity and biotic ligand models. When Ka[M] < 1, then (cf. equation (7)) ... 

Hassler, C. S. and Wilkinson, K. J. (2003). Failure of the biotic ligand and free-ion activity models to explain zinc bioaccumulation by Chlorella kesslerii, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 620-626. 

Alsop, D. H. and Wood, C. M. (2000). Kinetic analysis of zinc accumulation in the gills of juvenile rainbow trout effects of zinc acclimatation and implications for biotic ligand modeling, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 19, 1911-1918. 

Mathew, R., Wu, KB. and Santore, R.C. (2005) Predicting sediment metal toxicity using a sediment biotic ligand model methodology and initial application. Environ Toxicol Chem, 24,... 

DiToro, D.M., Allen, H.E., Bergman, H.L., Meyer, J.S., Paquin, P R. and Santore, R.C. (2000) A biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 1. Technical basis, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 2383-2396. 

Biotic ligand Metal Identity of metal pH, ionic strength, Identity of species and... 

Erickson et al. (1996) showed that a wide range in 96-hour LC50 values resulted from adjustments to the pH, DOC, alkalinity, and hardness conditions of the test waters. The BLM was used to predict the effects of copper exposure to fathead minnow. Input data to the BLM included measured water chemistry (pH, DOC, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, S04, and C03 concentrations). The BLM predicts the total copper LC50 values, based on the amount of copper necessary for accumulating lethal biotic ligand concentrations as presented in Table 2.8. The predicted LC50 can be compared to the measured total concentrations in the field. 

Bossuyt BTA, De Schamphelaere K AC, Janssen CR. 2004. Using the biotic ligand model for predicting the acute sensitivity of cladoceran dominated communities to copper in natural surface waters. Environ Sci Technol 38 5030-5037. 

De Schamphelaere KAC, Janssen CR. 2002. A biotic ligand model predicting acute copper toxicity to Daphnia magna the effects of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and pH. Environ Sci Technol 36 48-54. 

Di Toro DM, Allen HE, Bergman HL, Meyer JS, Paquin RR, Santore RC. 2001a. Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. I. Technical basis. Environ Toxicol Chem 20 2383-2396. 

Gorsuch JW, Janssen CR, Lee CM, Reiley MC, editors. 2002. The biotic ligand model for metals current research, future directions, regulatory implications. Comp Biochem Physiol C 133 1-343. 

HydroQual Inc. 2005. The Biotic Ligand Model and BLM-Monte. http //www.hydroqual. com/wr blm.html (accessed February 15, 2006). 

Steenbergen NTTM, Iaccino F, de Winkel M, Reijnders L, Peijnenburg W. 2005. Development of a biotic ligand model and a regression model predicting acute copper toxicity to the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. Environ Sci Technol 39 5694-5702. 

Thakali S, Allen HE, Di Toro DM, Ponizovsky AA, Rooney CP, Zhao F-J, McGrath SP. 2006b. A terrestrial biotic ligand model. 1. Development and application to Cu and Ni toxicities to barley root elongation in soils. Environ Sci Technol 40 7085-7093. 

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