Toxicity of heavy metals

Mancy, K.H. Allen, H.E. A Controlled Bioassay System for Measuring Toxicity of Heavy Metals. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington D.C., 1977. 

Canli M, Furness RW. 1993. Toxicity of heavy metals dissolved in sea water and influences of sex and size on metal accumulation and tissue distribution in the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). Mar Environ Res 36 217-236. 

Collins Y.E., Stotzky G. Factors affecting the toxicity of heavy metals to microbes. In Metal Ions and Bacteria, Beveridge T.J, Doyle R.J., eds. New York, NY Wiley, 1989. 

Giller, K.E., Witter, E. and McGrath S.P(1998). Toxicity of heavy metals in microorganisms and microbial processes in agricultural soils a review , Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30, 1389-1421. 

Bhat, U.G. and K. Vamsee. 1993. Toxicity of heavy metals Cu, Cd and Hg to the gammarid amphipod Parhalella natalensis. Sci. Total Environ., Suppl. 1993, Part 2 887-897. 

Mukhopadhyay, M.P., B.B. Ghosh, and M.M. Bagchi. 1994. Toxicity of heavy metals to fish, prawn and fish food organisms of Hooghly estuarine system. Geobios 21 13-17. 

Overmann, S.R. and J.J. Krajicek. 1995. Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) as biomonitors of lead contamination of the Big River in Missouri s old lead belt. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14 689-695. Osweiler, G.D. and G.A. Van Gelder. 1978. Epidemiology of lead poisoning in animals. Pages 143-177 in F.W. Oehme (ed.). Toxicity of Heavy Metals in the Environment. Part 1. Marcel Dekker, NY. 

Denizeau, F., M. Marion, M. Chtaib, and J.P. Schmit. 1990. Toxicity of heavy metals in cultured hepatocytes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9 737-743. 

Buck, W.B. 1978. Copper/molybdenum toxicity in animals. Pages 491-515 in F.W. Oehme (ed.). Toxicity of Heavy Metals in the Environment. Part I. Marcel Dekker, New York. 

Murphy, C.P. 1981. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of heavy metals and related trace elements. Jour. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 53 993-999. 

Balsberg-Pahlsson, A. M. (1989). Toxicity of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) to vascular plants. A literature review. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 47, 287-319. 

Davidson CM, Duncan AL, Littlejohn D, Garden LM. A critical evaluation of the three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure to assess the potential mobility and toxicity of heavy metals in industrially-contaminated land. Anal. Chim. Acta 1998 363 45-55. 

Table 28.6 Factors Influencing the Toxicity of Heavy Metals in Solution.

Baath, E. (1989). Effects of heavy metals in soil on microbial processes and populations (a review). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 47, 335—79-Babich, H. Stotzky, G. (1980). Environmental factors that influence the toxicity of heavy metal and gaseous pollutants to microorganisms. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 8,99-145. Babich, H. Stotzky, G. (1985). Heavy metal toxicity to microbe-mediated ecologic... 

Duxbury, T. (1981). Toxicity of heavy metals to soil bacteria. FEMS Microbiological Letters, 11, 217-20. 

V" ] Ei-Ichiro Ochiai, "Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Biological Defense Principles and Applications in Bioinorganic Chemistry, Part VII," J. Chem. Educ., Vol. 72, 1995,479-484. 

Wallis and Engle (W2) have reported cases among adults ( Milkman syndrome ), the condition being eventually attributed to the toxicity of heavy metals or of Bence Jones proteins (E3). According to Dent and Harris (Dll) the condition is transmitted as a recessive gene. 

Beliles RP. 1979. The lesser metals. In Oehme FW, ed. Hazardous and toxic substances. Vol. 2. Toxicity of heavy metals in the environment. Parts 1 and 2, New York, NY Marcel Dekker, Inc, 547-615. 

Wang (1987) reviewed the toxicity of heavy metal mixtures and concluded that combined toxicity cannot be readily predicted. However, 21 out of 37 mixtures showed an effect as expected under concentration addition, or an effect slightly less than concentration additive. Similar conclusions were reached in a review by ECE-TOC (2001) for the chronic toxicity of metal mixtures. The relative degree of unpredictability of the mixture response was attributed to the different modes of action of the metals. It was therefore recommended that concentration additivity should be assumed as the most balanced choice for a null model in mixture assessment, unless proven differently. 

Connor PM. 1972. Acute toxicity of heavy metals to some marine larvae. Mar Poll Bull 3 190-192. 

The impact to health has been mostly dependent on the concentration of the candidate metal. Some metals (e.g., mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, iron, copper) ultimately find their way into human systems via soil, minerals, and water. Studies have shown the presence of many metals in daily consumable products (e.g., food, fruits, milk, fabric materials, drinking water). Further, heavy metals associated with particle material can be accumulated in areas suitable for sedimentation or particle concentration (e.g., upstream from sills or dams, in estuary sludge clog, etc.). These accumulation areas are creating possible pollution sources, as particles pooled could be resuspended during punctual hydrologic periods (floods, drains). Bioavailability, and therefore toxicity of heavy metals, is strongly bound to the current chemical form. 

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