Indirect causes

It is unclear whether this was a direct hepatotoxic effect of melatonin (or a contaminant), or if hepatitis was caused indirectly by an immunomodulatory mechanism. 

In case of prenatal treatment, care should be taken that pups are fostered appropriately (ref. 169). Otherwise, postnatal effects of changes of maternal behavior resulting from the treatment might be confounded with prenatal effects of fetal exposure to chemicals. Changes in pup-dam interactions, caused by effects of postnatal treatments on either the dam or the pup, may lead to indirect teratogenic effects. It is difficult to distinguish such effects from direct teratogenic effects. Furthermore, exposure of dam and fetus or pup to chemicals may cause indirect effects because of induction of... 

Another form of clouding that may be caused indirectly by the perfume is sometimes observed in water-detergent systems such as foam baths, shampoos, or dishwashing detergents. This, paradoxically,... 

The second (indirect) relativistic effect is the expansion of outer d and f orbitals The relativistic contraction of the s and pi/2 shells results in a more efficient screening of the nuclear charge, so that the outer orbitals which never come to the core become more expanded and energetically destabilized. While the direct relativistic effect originates in the immediate vicinity of the nucleus, the indirect relativistic effect is influenced by the outer core orbitals. It should be realized that though contracted s and pi/2 core (innermore) orbitals cause indirect destabilization of the outer orbitals, relativistically expanded d and f orbitals cause the indirect stabilization of the valence s and p-orbitals. That partially explains the very large relativistic stabilization of the 6s and 7s orbitals in Au and element 112, respectively Since d shells (it is also valid for the f shells) become fully populated at the end of the nd series, there will occur a maximum of the indirect stabilization of the valence s and p orbitals [34],... 

Responses in many of these assays were weak and occurred at toxic doses, and were affected by tissue culture conditions modifying uptake by the cell. The mechanism of nickel carcinogenesis is controversial, and is likely to vary with the form of nickel. The nickel ion (Ni + ) alone does not form premutagenic DNA lesions, suggesting that nickel causes indirect DNA damage, perhaps due to oxidative stress or blocking DNA repair mechanisms. 

Diprosone betamethasone. diprOtin A is a tripeptide that is an ENZYME INHIBITOR with selectivity as an aminopeptidase inhibitor active against dipeptidylpeptidase IV (EC 3.4.11). It can be used as a pharmacological tool in experimental analytical studies, dipyridamole [ban, inn, usan] (Persantin ) is a pyrimidine derivative, a coronary VASODILATOR, a (class la) ANTIARRHYTHMIC, an adenosine UPTAKE INHIBITOR causing indirect adenosine receptor activation, and enhances effects of anticoagulants and is a platelet AGGREGATION INHIBITOR. 

In addition to SO emissions, sulfur causes indirect, inhalable particulates. Since sulfur poisons catalytic converters, lower sulfur dramatically reduces CO, NOx and unburned hydrocarbon emissions. 

MeHg is very slowly but ultimately metabolized in situ in the brain to inorganic Hg. Elemental meremy is also oxidized to inorganic Hg in the braia It is unclear whether MeHg toxicity at the cellular level is caused by the parent compound itself, due to the inorganic Hg that is its metabolite, or is caused indirectly by the free radicals generated by the... 

However, wheat protoplasts have no other demonstrable responses to cytokinin and, therefore, the lack of a cytokinin effect on calcium transport is not a decisive test. Zhao and Ross [69] used zeatin induced growth and chlorophyll formation in excised cucumber cotyledons as cytokinin responses to examine the effects of calcium chelators, ionophore and several anti-calmodulin drugs. None of these drugs affected the two cytokinin responses unless used at concentrations high enough to cause indirect damage. 

Arguments in favour of a role of the anion-sensitive ATPase in transport are mainly based on an observed parallelism between the effect of certain inhibitors on the enzyme activity and the transport process. However, in nearly all cases the inhibitor used is the lipophilic anion thiocyanate, which might inhibit the transport process by other means. Moreover, inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase activity led to a reduction in the amount of ATP available for other transport processes (e.g. (Na -I-K )-ATPase) causing indirect inhibition of anion transport. 

Does Castellon consider post-chemo changes a type of brain injury With the breast cancer patients I typically work with, many of the chemotherapy agents don t effectively cross the blood-brain barrier and directly injure the brain, he says. But could they cause indirect injury through immune system dysfunction, or vascular injury I would say yes. ... 

Types of causes Root cause Radical cause Indirect cause Direct cause Accidents Loss... 

In more complex chiral polar smectics, antiferroelectric liquid crystals, there are many consequences of the flexoelectric effect. It influences interlayer interactions and causes indirect interactions between more distant layers to appear and become important. The phenomenon is the reason for the appearance of commensurate structures that extend up to six layers. In addition, longitudinal polarization, i.e. the polarization that has a component parallel to the tilt, exists in more complex structures such as the SmCpi2, the SmC jj and the SmC phases. Unfortunately it seems that flexoelectric polarization cannot be detected separately from other phenomena by simple means. A way of measuring the flexoelectric contribution in tilted polar smectics still seems to be an open question. 

Ladders or internal material build-up may cause indirect reflection from sloping surface leading to weak and/or split echoes of signals. 

Dusty atmospheres may distort a return signal to the sensor High temperature of materials can change the speed of signals Sloped surfaces like ladders, material build-up, weld seams may cause indirect reflection leading to weak and/or split echoes... 

In a more recent study, an increase of the skin microcirculatory patterns (skin temperature and blood flow/velocity in the skin capillaries) consequent to application of pure soluble collagen has been reported. These effects were related by the authors to a shortterm inhibition of the transepidermal water loss, causing indirect uptake of excess water by the biopolymers in the dermis and consequent increase of elasticity and pulsation efficacy of the small blood vessels (83). These tests are largely heterogeneous and the results obtained not comparable, being based on different exposure and evaluation methodologies however, all studies report only short-term moisturizing effects. 

The interactions of the RE-ions with phonons and conduction electrons cause indirect interactions between different RE-ions. Phonons and conduction electrons serve as medium for these interactions. In the effective-interaction model they are eliminated and replaced by an ion - ion interaction. Since the latter is an instantaneous interaction all retardation effects are lost which are connected with the dynamical properties of the medium. This shows the limitations of the effective interaction model. The isotropic exchange interaction as described by eq. (17.40) leads to an effective ion-ion interaction of the form... 

DBEEs may cause direct damage to the plant such effects are called primary effects . In addition they may cause indirect damage ( secondary effects ) by means of interaction mechanisms that can propagate the damage. This indirect damage should be included in the analysis of the DBEEs as it may cause damage which could exceed that caused by the primary effects. Secondary effects are explicitly addressed in the classification (EE-C2). 

Small quantities of chemicals can produce only small, direct impacts over small or large impact areas, but specific locations or situations might be targeted specifically to cause social concern and amplify the physical impact, or repeated incidents could cause indirect impacts that exceed the direct impacts. 

Diaphragmatic motion—this causes indirect motion of the contents of both the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 

It has been shovai that many effects of auxin are caused indirectly by a stimulation in ethylene formation. 

Thus, accidents have many causes. Basic (root) causes lead to unsafe acts and unsafe conditions (indirect causes). Indirect causes may result in a release of energy or hazardous material (direct causes). The direct cause may allow for contact, resulting in personal injury or property damage or equipment failure (accident). You can use the accident report form found in Figure 8.2 to identify and analyze these three causes. 

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