Toning

Besides, for there is living time limitation for ropes being in use. A work fulfilled by a rope and performed in tone-kilometers may be used as a limit too. ... 

The process of image forming in GDC can be divided into several stages formation of a latent electron-ion image, amplification of a latent image in a pulse gas discharge and production of a visible half-tone image. 

Since attenuation and porosity are related, traditional porosity determination in composites is performed as attenuation measurements using ultrasonic tone burst through-transmission. 

During the attenuation measurements. Transducer 1 was excited with a narrowband tone burst with center frequency 18 MHz, see Figure 1 for a schematic setup. The amplitude of the sound pressure was measured at Tranducer 2 by means of an amplitude peak detector. A reference amplitude, Are/, was measured outside the object as shown at the right hand side of Figure 1. The object was scanned in the j y-plane and for every position, (x, y), the attenuation, a x, y), was calculated as the quotient (in db) between the amplitude at Transducer 2, A[x, y), and Are/, i.e., a(x,y) = lOlogm Pulse echo measurements and preprocessing... 

The four channel scanning system showed stable measurements up to 250 m/min drawing speed. At 300-350 m/min some measurements were unstable on two channels. At drawing velocities over 350 m/min measurements were unstable on all four channels. The four traces are better identified in colors on the computer screen than in this grey tone figure. 

So let s say, for instance, that some deranged lunatic did the exact opposite of what this book says, and went ahead and got some equipment, a couple of chemicals and some safrole, isosafrole and/or the precursor of their choice. They may very well decide to do something to it to get it farther along the path to final product. Well, currently on the place called Earth, the most widely made precursor for X and amphetamine production is the phenylace-tone. For crystal meth the precursor is called just that phen-ylacetone (a.k.a. phenyl-2-propanone, a.k.a. P2P). For X the precursor would be called 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenylacetone (a.k.a 3,4-Methylenedioxy-phenyl-2-propanone, a.k.a. MD-P2P). Strike knows it should technically be written as MDP-2-P, but Strike has always written it incorrectly as MD-P2P and that is just how stupid-ass Strike is always gonna refer to it. 

The next major category of precursors, apart from the phenylace-tones, are the P-Nitropropenes. One can see the two representative examples for X and meth in the little drawing below ... 

The oxidation of higher alkenes in organic solvents proceeds under almost neutral conditions, and hence many functional groups such as ester or lac-tone[26,56-59], sulfonate[60], aldehyde[61-63], acetal[60], MOM ether[64], car-bobenzoxy[65], /-allylic alcohol[66], bromide[67,68], tertiary amine[69], and phenylselenide[70] can be tolerated. Partial hydrolysis of THP ether[71] and silyl ethers under certain conditions was reported. Alcohols are oxidized with Pd(II)[72-74] but the oxidation is slower than the oxidation of terminal alkenes and gives no problem when alcohols are used as solvents[75,76]. 

Indoles can also be alkylated by lactones[l4]. Base-catalysed reactions have been reported for (3-propiolactone[15], y-butyrolactone[10] and 5-valerolac-tone[10]. These reactions probably reflect the thermodynamic instability of the N -acylindole intermediate which would be formed by attack at the carbonyl group relative to reclosure to the lactone. The reversibility of the JV-acylation would permit the thermodynamically favourable N-alkylation to occur. 

Oxidation of secondary alcohols to ke tones (Section 15 10) Many oxidizing agents are available for converting sec ondary alcohols to ketones PDC or PCC may be used as well as other Cr(VI) based agents such as chromic acid or po tassium dichromate and sulfuric acid... 

Enolization (Sections 18 4 through 18 6) Aldehydes and ke tones having at least one a hydro gen exist in equilibrium with their enol forms The rate at which equilibrium is achieved is in creased by acidic or basic cata lysts The enol content of simple aldehydes and ketones is quite small p diketones however are extensively enolized... 

Hydroxy acids compounds that contain both a hydroxyl and a carboxylic acid function have the capacity to form cyclic esters called lactones This intramolecular esterification takes place spontaneously when the ring that is formed is five or six membered Lac tones that contain a five membered cyclic ester are referred to as 7 lactones, their six membered analogs are known as 8 lactones... 

Reactions that are expected to produce hydroxy acids often yield the derived lac tones instead if a five or six membered ring can be formed... 

Alcohol dehydrogenase (Section 15 11) Enzyme in the liver that catalyzes the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ke tones... 

Aldol condensation (Sections 18 9-18 10) When an aldol ad dition IS carried out so that the 3 hydroxy aldehyde or ke tone dehydrates under the conditions of its formation the product IS described as ansing by an aldol condensation... 

Enols are in equilibrium with an isomeric aldehyde or ke tone but are normally much less stable than aldehydes and ketones... 

In addition there is the possibility of combination tones involving transitions to vibrationally excited states in which more than one normal vibration is excited. Fundamental, overtone and combination tone transitions involving two vibrations and Vj are illustrated in Figure 6.11. 

Figure 6.11 (a, b) Fundamental and overtone and (c) combination tone transitions involving... 

Although we have been able to see on inspection which vibrational fundamentals of water and acetylene are infrared active, in general this is not the case. It is also not the case for vibrational overtone and combination tone transitions. To be able to obtain selection mles for all infrared vibrational transitions in any polyatomic molecule we must resort to symmetry arguments. 

Positive-Tone Photoresists based on Dissolution Inhibition by Diazonaphthoquinones. The intrinsic limitations of bis-azide—cycHzed mbber resist systems led the semiconductor industry to shift to a class of imaging materials based on diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ) photosensitizers. Both the chemistry and the imaging mechanism of these resists (Fig. 10) differ in fundamental ways from those described thus far (23). The DNQ acts as a dissolution inhibitor for the matrix resin, a low molecular weight condensation product of formaldehyde and cresol isomers known as novolac (24). The phenoHc stmcture renders the novolac polymer weakly acidic, and readily soluble in aqueous alkaline solutions. In admixture with an appropriate DNQ the polymer s dissolution rate is sharply decreased. Photolysis causes the DNQ to undergo a multistep reaction sequence, ultimately forming a base-soluble carboxyHc acid which does not inhibit film dissolution. Immersion of a pattemwise-exposed film of the resist in an aqueous solution of hydroxide ion leads to rapid dissolution of the exposed areas and only very slow dissolution of unexposed regions. In contrast with crosslinking resists, the film solubiHty is controUed by chemical and polarity differences rather than molecular size. 

Acid-C t lyzed Chemistry. Acid-catalyzed reactions form the basis for essentially all chemically amplified resist systems for microlithography appHcations (61). These reactions can be generally classified as either cross-linking (photopolymerization) or deprotection reactions. The latter are used to unmask acidic functionality such as phenohc or pendent carboxyhc acid groups, and thus lend themselves to positive tone resist apphcations. Acid-catalyzed polymer cross-linking and photopolymerization reactions, on the other hand, find appHcation in negative tone resist systems. Representative examples of each type of chemistry are Hsted below. 

Pos twe-Tone Photoresists. The ester, carbonate, and ketal acidolysis reactions which form the basis of most positive tone CA resists are thought to proceed under specific acid catalysis (62). In this mechanism, illustrated in Figure 22 for the hydrolysis of tert-huty acetate (type A l) (63), the first step involves a rapid equihbrium where the proton is transferred between the photogenerated acid and the acid-labile protecting group ... 

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