Tone, adjusting

The spinocerebellum influences muscle tone and coordinates skilled voluntary movements. It receives sensory input from interneurons in the spinal cord transmitting somatic information, in particular from muscle and joint proprioceptors providing data regarding body movements and positions that are actually taking place. It also receives input from the cortical motor areas providing information regarding intended or desired movement. The spinocerebellum then compares these inputs. If the actual status of a body part differs from the intended status, the spinocerebellum transmits impulses back to the motor areas of the brain to make appropriate adjustments in activation of the associated skeletal muscles. 

When a soft drink is based in pail on fin it juices it may be necessary to restore the appearance of the juice concerned if its natural colours have been destroyed by heat processing, or to intensify these colours when the contribution from the juice is weaker than that normally associated with the effect the compounded drink is intended to convey. Colour adjustment may also be necessary to ensure uniformity of product and to olfset natural variations in colour tone and intensity associated with the juice type employed in the beverage formulation. 

The most important skill a photographer can learn is how to adjust a formula to express a particular subject. For example, fine-art photographer, Paul Caponigro, has been known to mix varying proportions of warm-tone developer with cold-tone developer to create an altogether new tone for a specific subject or body of work. In printing, more than any other area of the darkroom, the only rules are those you make for yourself. 

The second is toned for fifteen seconds, the third for thirty seconds, the fourth for one minute, the fifth for two minutes, the sixth for four minutes, the seventh for eight minutes, and the last for sixteen minutes. If the published formula for the toner calls for a longer initial time than sixteen minutes adjust the test accordingly. 

Like all gold toners, the action is more effective if performed slowly. Adjust the gold or water content to require between 5 to 10 minutes at room temperature for complete toning. 

This is a versatile developer that is capable of beautiful gradation. The tone will vary, depending upon the paper and adjustments made to the chemistry. 

Dilute 1 2. Exposure should be adjusted to produce the desired contrast and tone when developed from 114 to 2 minutes at 68F/20C. 

Though continually active to some degree (for example, in maintaining the tone of vascular beds), the sympathetic division has the property of adjusting in response to stressful situations, such as trauma, fear, hypoglycemia, cold, or exercise. 

Barium 4Z- and 4 -2-Sulfo-2,3,4,6-tetrahydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoate-8-lac-tone. The procedure of Cousins et al. (36) was used to prepare L-ascorbyl 6-valerate (mp 89-92°C). The valerate ester (15 g, 57.6 mmol) was dissolved in pyridine (250 mL) at 25°C and pyridine-sulfur trioxide complex (25 g, 2.5 equivalents) was added. After stirring 18 h at room temperature, water (500 mL) was added, and the mixture was placed in a water bath at 70°C. The pH of the mixture was maintained at 9-9.5 by periodic addition of saturated barium hydroxide solution. The elimination reaction at 65°C was complete in 4-6 h, as evidenced by the constancy of the reaction pH. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 10 by addition of saturated barium hydroxide, and at that point the total volume of the mixture was 1.5 L. Pyridine was removed by evaporation under vacuum to 300 mL, and the evaporation step repeated twice after addition of water (250 mL). The mixture was adjusted to pH 2 by addition of sulfuric acid (1 M), and barium sulfate was removed by filtration. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl ether (3 X 500 mL) to remove valeric acid, and the aqueous layer (300 mL) was adjusted to pH 7 by addition of barium hydroxide. After evaporation to 50 mL, barium sulfate was removed, and an equal volume of acetonitrile was added to the filtrate. The desired compound crystallized in the cold to give 12.0 g (55% ) of crude material with mp 215-225°C. The crystals were dissolved in water (30 mL) and were decolorized with charcoal after addition of acetonitrile, analytically pure crystals were obtained [yield, 5 g with mp 220-225°C (decomposed)]. 

Hikota, M., Tone, H., Horita, K., Yonemitsu, O. Chiral synthesis of polyketide-derived natural products. 31. Stereoselective synthesis of erythronolide A by extremely efficient lactonization based on conformational adjustment and high activation of seco-acid. Tetrahedron 1990, 46, 4613 628. 

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