Difference tones

Cancel final weight alarm Note differences between the sound of the two alarms in checklist Alert operators during training about differences in sounds of alarms Use completely different tones for initial and final weight alarms... 

To round off this section we note a few unusual applications of Polya s Theorem an application to telecommunications network [CatK75], and one to the enumeration of Latin squares [JucA76]. In pure mathematics there is an application in number theory [ChaC82], and one to the study of quadratic forms [CraT80], being the enumeration of isomorphism types of Witt rings of fields. Finally, we note a perhaps unexpected, but quite natural, application in music theory to the enumeration of chords and tone rows for an n-note scale [ReiD85]. In the latter paper it is shown that for the usual chromatic scale of 12 semitones there are 80 essentially different 6-note chords, and 9,985,920 different tone rows. 

The human cochlea, which derives its name from the Greek word koch-lias, consists of approximately three turns of a circular duct, wound in a manner similar to that of a snail shell (Figure 9.4). The ahihty to resolve different tones is determined hy the pattern of vibration of the flexible cochlear partition. This partition has three main components (Figure 9.5). When... 

Figure 42. Color coordinates of black gravure inks with different toning + 2-4 Pigment Black LCF /Vossen-Blau 705 5-7 Pigment Black LCF/[VB 705-Pigment Red 57 1 (4 1)] x 1-10 Pigment Black LCF /[VB 705 Pigment Violet 27 (2 1)] 1 Pigment Black...

Figure. 43. Color locations of black offset printing inks with different toning 14 Pigment Black LCF...

With a sense of color, people can see more aspects of their world, in more detail. Without color, with only black and white and gray, the eye can see a mere dozen or so different tones. With color, the eye can see thousands of distinctions, which not only look different than one another but also convey different feelings and associations. Psychologically, gray is dull and negative. With color, warmth and coldness, excitement and stimulation, and countless other human expressions are conveyed. 

Various combinations of bleach and toner will give different tones as shown by the following table ... 

This is a summation tone. The difference tone of and v3 is obtained if v3 is at level v3 = 1 when the photon strikes. (Hot band). 

The relative weakness of the subbands is very likely connected with the frequencies of v and vp which are, of course, higher than for the HC1 complex. This diminishes the intensity of the hot bands due to the higher Boltzmann factor. Arnold and Millen varied temperature from room temperature to 70 °C and found that the intensity of the 3300 cm-1 band increased with increasing temperature more than that of the other bands confirming its assignment as a difference tone. It would be desirable to measure this spectrum at lower temperatures as well but, to the writer s knowledge, this has not been done. 

An approximate value for Xln can be deduced from Millen s original spectra. As described in Section 3.2 for the diethylether-hydrogen fluoride system, according to assignments made by Arnold and Millen 20) the main vj band is at 3405 cm-1. The two weaker bands at 3655 and 3225 cm-1 can be assigned to the summation tone (vj + v ) and to the difference tone (v3 — v ) respectively. It is important to remember in this respect (sect. 2.1) that while the frequency of a difference tone is the simple difference of the frequency of the two fundamentals ... 

Look at the following two letters. Both convey essentially the same information, but they have two rather different tones. 

The observed normal vibrations are a linear combination of these degrees of freedom. In addition, combinations of normal vibrations may be visible, i.e., harmonics, sum and difference tones . Combination tones usually show weak bands. 

Sound devices not only unify poems but also add to their communication of images and meaning. Harsh-sounding, monosyllabic words ( the cold stone tomb ) may slow a line and create a very different tone in a poem than multisyllabic words with soft, flowing sounds. Poets pick their words carefully for their sounds as well as their connotations and denotations. Ask yourself what sound devices appear in the poem I m reading, and why ... 

This is a good method for accomplishing our goal and we would be perfectly happy with it as long as we did not have to measure the frequency response of a large number of amplifiers. If we were the impatient sort, however, we could think of several faster methods. One would be to get several tone generators (frequency sources) which put out different tones and use them with tuned detectors which can separately but simultaneously detect those tones. You could perform the required measurement all at once but it is simply not practical to assemble the required number of separate tone generators and detectors if any kind of frequency resolution were required. ... 

Kopp was not the first to write a popular work about invisible entities in nature. Arabella Buckley s children s book Fairyland (1879) was immensely popular and went through innumerable editions. But Buckley did not personify her fairies as Kopp did and there is nothing about atoms or molecules in her fairyland. Closer to Kopp s conception was Lucy Rider Meyer s Fairy Land (1887). But in contrast to all of these "fairy bookS " Kopp was writing for adults rather than children and so his work has a quite different tone and purpose. 

For two fundamental frequencies, a and b, first overtones will occur near 2a and 2b, second overtones near 3a and 3b, etc., and combination bands can appear at a + b and a — hem . Summation bands are commonly observed in the near-infrared spectra of many molecules, but combination bands arising from difference tones are improbable in the near-infrared region at room temperature (Kaye, 1954). 

In tone languages like Mandarin, pitch can be used to identify words. For example, liu spoken with one tone pattern means flow , but when spoken with a different tone pattern means six . In our model, this is a purely suprasegmental effect and treated in just the same way as nasalization is used to distinguish words in English. Mandarin of comse has intonation also, which is used for all the same affects as English. The fact that intonation and parts of word identity are expressed in the same acoustic variable, does of course complicate analysis and synthesis somewhat, but with modem synthesis techniques we can model both without difficulty. 

Interestingly, the coupling constant cancels out and the wavenumber of the difference band is simply the difference of the wavenumbers of the two fundamentals. This can be useful. If for some reason we cannot measure one of the fundamentals, say V3, but we have the other fundamental and a sum and a difference tone we can still compute the coupling constant ... 

On the other hand, nonrandom (inherent) uncertainty deals with characteristics of the objects themselves, and arises from our att pt to classify or categorize than. The classical question is to ask which years are dry (black) and which are wet (white) If thae are gray years of different tones then the answer to such a question becomes fuzzy, i.e. vague, ambiguous and incomplete. 

Single-phase brown oxides of iron can be synthesized by controlled oxidation of black iron oxides. Different tones of brown can be prepared by controlling the oxidation process, and hence controlling the amount of Fe Og (red). Synthetic brown iron oxide is also synthesized by calcination of a-FeOOlT with controlled quantities of manganese compounds. These pigments are not widely used in... 

A total of 10 student volunteers (with mean age of 26.7 and standard deviation of 2.5, 4 females) from Saarland University entered the study. All subjects were given the informed consent prior to their participation and the experiments were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The maximum entropy auditory paradigm was used (more details can be found in [19]). For each experiment, subjects performed the attention task (i.e., detecting the target tones in a series of three different tones) for a length of 10 minutes followed by another 10 minutes of relaxing (with no attention). 

The probe is traversed automatically over the structure and the amplitude of the signal associated with transmission through the structure is indicated on an X-Y or similar recorder. The X and Y co-ordinates correspond to the position on the surface, while some other parameter is used to indicate quality. One method uses different tones to indicate the strength of the received signal (i.e. joint quality), while another uses a modification to the pen X or Y coordinate to indicate a change in the signal. 

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