Tobacco composition

At R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. (RJRT) R D, two anhydrides, 3,4-diethyldihydro-2,4-furandione (diethylsucccinic anhydride) and 3,4-dimethyldihydro-2,4-furandione (dim-ethylsucccinic anhydride) were identified by Jones and Latimer during their research on Oriental tobacco composition. The two anhydrides were listed in their 1943 report on the Oriental tobacco components they identified through the end of 1942 (1980). 

Although Hoffmann et al. have clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of cellulose acetate filters in model experiments, the values for U.S. commercial cigarettes are about the same for filter as for nonfilter cigarettes the reductive effect of filters in practice may be counteracted by variations in tobacco composition between the two types of cigarettes... In conclusion, tobacco and tobacco smoke represent the largest nonoeccupational source of exposure for preformed nitrosamines. 

Tobacco has been used in one form or another in civilized society for nearly five centuries. Eventually in the late nineteenth century, investigations as to its composition began but they were not particularly numerous. The major driving force in the escalation in the mid-twentieth century of studies on tobacco composition was the attempt to define (1) its components that contributed to the acceptability of the taste and aroma of tobacco itself and its smoke to consumers and (2) the precursors in tobacco of the toxicants in its smoke (3973, 22A30). 

Although Table XXV-31 does not involve individual tobacco and/or tobacco smoke compounds, it is included because of the relationship of the entities to tobacco and/or tobacco products. The results of many of the studies cited were published in the early days of the examination of tobacco composition and the attempts to define the precursors in tobacco of various components in MSS. The studies on cocoa and licorice are included because of their level of use in tobacco products. 

Pyriki, C. The influence of tobacco composition on the flavor effect on smoking Lebensm. Ind. 1 (1954) 264. Pyriki, C. The nicotine content of tobacco and its combustion products as well as its fate on smoking Pharmazie 8 (1954) 806-812. 

ISBN 978-1-4200-7883-1 (hardcover alk. paper) 1. Tobacco—Composition. 2. Tobacco smoke—Composition. I. Perfetti, Thomas Albert, 1952- II. Title. 

As analytical methodology advanced after the 1950s, the number of identified tobacco and tobacco smoke components escalated dramatically. In addition to its study of tobacco smoke by Arnap (91-94) and Enzell et al. (1153, 1154), the R D staff at the Swedish Tobacco Company published nearly one hundred articles on the composition of tobacco, primarily Oriental tobacco. The many Swedish Tobacco Company investigators included Aasen, Almqvist, Behr, Enzell, Hlubucek, Kimland, Nishida, and Wahlberg, all of whom coauthored many articles on tobacco composition (1-13, 52,... 

In the 1960s and 1970s, the Demoles and their colleagues at Firmenich SA in Switzerland also studied the composition of flue-cured, burley, and Oriental tobaccos and characterized many previously unreported compounds in each, for example, the studies by Demole and colleagues on burley tobacco composition (936-944), on flue-cured tobacco composition (945, 946, 948), and on Oriental tobacco composition (947). 

Gruchow et al. (1981) Am Rev Respir Dis 1400 HEF DD Mf,1V,Af, Sv, Tc, Ts, HE Of HEF, 10% have precipitins not all FLD patients are positive. Rainfall, crop type and tobacco composition decrease the level of precipitins. Conversely, precipitin levels enhanced by size of farm, number of cattle and hay volume... 

Cla.ssifica.tlon, In commerce, several classifications of flavoring and compounded flavorings are Hsted according to composition to allow the user to conform to state and federal food regulations and labeling requirements, as well as to show their proper appHcation. Both suppHer and purchaser are subject to the control of the FDA, USD A, and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF). The latter regulates the alcohoHc content of flavors and the tax drawbacks on alcohol, ie, return of a portion of the tax paid on ethyl alcohol used in flavoring. 

LPC Product Quality. Table 10 gives approximate analyses of several LPC products. Amino acid analyses of LPC products have been pubhshed including those from alfalfa, wheat leaf, barley, and lupin (101) soybean, sugar beet, and tobacco (102) Pro-Xan LPC products (100,103) and for a variety of other crop plants (104,105). The composition of LPCs varies widely depending on the raw materials and processes used. Amino acid profiles are generally satisfactory except for low sulfur amino acid contents, ie, cystine and methionine. 

Biodegradable film (148), foam-molding compositions, eg, sponges (149), tobacco substitutes (150), and microencapsulated dmg-deHvery systems (151) are potentially new and usefiil appHcations for ceUulose acetate esters. 

The rheological behavior of storage XGs was characterized by steady and dynamic shear rheometry [104,266]. Tamarind seed XG [266] showed a marked dependence of zero-shear viscosity on concentration in the semi-dilute region, which was similar to that of other stiff neutral polysaccharides, and ascribed to hyper-entanglements. In a later paper [292], the flow properties of XGs from different plant species, namely, suspension-cultured tobacco cells, apple pomace, and tamarind seed, were compared. The three XGs differed in composition and structural features (as mentioned in the former section) and... 

Iraki, N.M., Singh, N., Bressan, R.A., and Carpita, N.C. (1989) Cell walls of tobacco cells and changes in composition associated with reduced growth upon adaption to water and saline stress. Plant Physiol. 91 48-53. 

Kullman, J.P., Chen, X., Armstrong, D.W. (1999). Evaluation of the enantiomeric composition of amino acids in tobacco. Chirality 11, 669-673. 

Guerin MR, Jenkins RA, Tomkins BA. 1992. The chemical nature of environmental tobacco smoke Composition and measurement. Chelsea, MD Lewis Publishers. 

One of the major toxicity issues in cannabis consumption relates to the fact that it is most often smoked. Cannabis and tobacco smoke, apart from having different psychoactive constituents, are actually very similar in their composition (Hoffman et ai. 1975). Cannabis smoke is mutagenic, which gives it carcinogenic potential (Nahas and Latour 1992). Although no specific reports of lung cancer or emphysema from cannabis smoke exist, it is at least as harmful as tobacco smoke, containing three times as much tar and five times as much carbon monoxide (Wu et al. 1988). Cannabis smoke inflames the airways and reduces respiratory capacity. Airway obstruction and squamous metaplasias may also occur. 

Burton HR, Bush LP, Hamilton JL (1983) Effect of curing on the chemical composition of burley tobacco. Recent Adv Tob Sci 9 91-153... 

Burton HR, Childs GH Jr, Andersen RA, Fleming PD (1989b) Changes in chemical composition of burley tobacco during senescence and curing, 3, Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, J Agric Food Chem 37 426 30... 

Chamberlain WJ, Chortyk OT (1992) Effects of curing and fertilization on nitrosamine formation in bright and burley tobacco. Chemical composition of nonsmoking tobacco products, Beitr Tabakforsch 15 87-92... 

Counts ME, Morton MJ, Lafoon SW, Cox RH, Lipowicz PJ (2005) Smoke composition and potential relationship for international commercial cigarettes smoked with three machine-smoking conditions, Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 41 185-227 DeRoton C, Wiemik A, Wahlberg 1, Vidal B (2005) Factors influencing the formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in french air-cured tobaccos in trials and at the farm level, Beitr Tabakforsch 21 305-320... 

Siminszky B, Gavilano LB, Chakrabarti M (2007) Evolution of nicotine N-demethylaze genes and their use in reducing nornicotine levels in tobacco. Recent Adv Tob Sci 33 27-38 Sisson VA, Severson RE (1990) Alkaloid composition of the Nicotiana species. Beitr Takforsch 14 327-340... 

To what extent are the rodent models of nicotine physical dependence and nicotine withdrawal syndrome valid representations of physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome in hnman tobacco users Validity can only be partial at best because of species differences and differences in the means, dnration and composition of drug exposnre (nicotine alone versus tobacco smoke). The differences between the models and hnman tobacco use phenomena will always be as important as the analogies. 

Ammonia compounds are a primary chemical component of many reconstituted tobaccos. The importance of ammoniation in the development of the characteristic flavor popularized by Marlboro has been widely pubhcized (Bates et al. 1999 Freedman 1995 Hurt and Robertson 1998). The chemical impact of ammoniation is complex and appears to influence the form and delivery of nicotine in a variety of interconnected ways (see BW Fig. 4) (Johnson 1989). Ammoniated reconstituted tobacco has a characteristic mild sensory profile, and features a number of important compounds created through the reaction between ammonia and sugars (J.R. Reynolds 1980 Wells and Kendrick 1995). Addition of ammonia as a strong base leads to increased smoke pH, which corresponds with increased levels of free nicotine in smoke (Hurt and Robertson 1998). Thus, a 1982 position paper from RJR observed that ... ammonia in smoke is one of the major pH controlling components and that ... studies of the effect of ammonia on smoke composition showed... an increase in physiological satisfaction with increasing ammonia content (Bemasek and Nystrom 1982). 

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