Tobacco burley

Neither endosulfan nor endosulfan sulfate was detected in surveys of the milk supply of the southern region of Ontario, Canada conducted in 1970-1971 and 1973 (Frank et al. 1975). In Burley tobacco, when the crop was harvested immediately after treatment with 0.5 pound/acre of endosulfan, the total endosulfan residue levels (isomers and sulfate) were reported to average 23.2 ppm after curing for 4 months. Average total residues decreased to 2.2 ppm when the time between treatment and harvest was increased to 28 days (Dorough et al. 1973). 

Oriental tobacco Virginia tobacco Burley tobacco... 

Burton HR, Bush LP, Hamilton JL (1983) Effect of curing on the chemical composition of burley tobacco. Recent Adv Tob Sci 9 91-153... 

Burton HR, Bush LP, Djordjevic MV (1989a) Influence of temperature and humidity on the accumulation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in stored burley tobacco, J Agric Food Chem 37 1372-1377... 

Burton HR, Childs GH Jr, Andersen RA, Fleming PD (1989b) Changes in chemical composition of burley tobacco during senescence and curing, 3, Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, J Agric Food Chem 37 426 30... 

Chamberlain WJ, Chortyk OT (1992) Effects of curing and fertilization on nitrosamine formation in bright and burley tobacco. Chemical composition of nonsmoking tobacco products, Beitr Tabakforsch 15 87-92... 

NT369 Demole, A., and C. Demole. A chemical study of burley tobacco flavour Nicotiana tahacum). V. Identification and synthesis of the novel terpenoid NT379 alkaloids l,3,6,6-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-8-one and 3-6-6-trimethyl-5-6-dihydro-7H-2-pyrindin-7-one. NT380 Helv Chim Acta 1975 58 523. 

NT372 Demole, E., and P. Enggist. A chemical study of burley tobacco flavour... 

NT393 Eujimori, T., R. K. Asuga, and M. NT404 Nouchi. Isolation of R-(-)-3-hydroxy-beta-ionone from burley tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1974 38 891. 

NT435 Yasumatsu, N., M. Eda, Y. Tsujino, and M. Noguchi. Isolation of oxygenated derivatives of solanesol from burley tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1976 40 1757. 

To study the formation of NNN in tobacco, plants were analyzed at various stages of growth and curing (23). NNN was not detected prior to harvest or in freshly harvested Burley tobacco but only during and after air curing (0.5-1.1 ppm). Since either nicotine or nornicotine could have been a grecursor to NNN in tobacco, tobacco leaves were fed nicotine-2 - C or nornico-tine-2 -14Q d cured (24). The cured leaves were then analyzed... 

Other Degraded Carotenoids. The acetylenic diol (115), prepared by reaction of but-3-yn-2-ol dianion with 2,6,6-trimethyl-4,4-ethylenedioxycyclohex-2-en-l-one (116), afforded 3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(2-butenylidene)-cyclohex-2-en-l-one (117), a major constituent of Burley tobacco, on LiAlH4 reduction and hydrolysis.53... 

Tobacco is a complex plant material containing small organic and inorganic molecules and biopolymers. The biopolymers consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, proteins and peptides, nucleic acids, etc. [43]. Tobacco leaf and stem composition for flue-cured and burley tobacco [44] is summarized in Table 16.2.2. 

Identification and quantitative analyses of 25 compounds in steam distillates of burley tobacco stalk were accomplished. Compounds included twelve C,-C. compounds that were probable fatty acid oxidation products and 13 compounds >C that varied in origin. The latter included oxidation products of fatty acids, a C. prenyl pyrophosphate metabolite, and biodegradation products of carotenoids and chlorophyll. About 1/3 of the distillate mass was accounted for. Burley tobacco stalk headspace volatiles were also studied. When compared to the steam distillate, the headspace contained greater concentrations of sesquiterpenoids but lower concentrations of C, and C aldehydes and alcohols. Volatiles in steam distillates of tobacco stalk were not quantitatively different in a fungal resistant and a fungal sensitive variety of tobacco. Yield comparisons were made of headspace volatiles from tobacco and wheat. 

The purpose of this investigation was to characterize volatiles and study their biogenesis in stalk of burley tobacco and wheat during active growth. A comparision was made of volatile compounds obtained by steam distillation and headspace... 

Plant materials Burley tobaccos (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv KY 14 and cv KY 17) were grown at various times in the soil floor of a greenhouse. Recommended cultural and fertilization practices were followed (11). A randomized complete block experimental design... 

Isolation of volatile compounds by simultaneous steaia distillation-hexane extraction (SDE) Frozen burley tobacco stalks (1-4 kg) were cut perpendicular to the main axis into 0.5-cra sections and placed in a 12-L flask with 4 L of distilled water. The flask contents were steam distilled for 4 h in a continuous extraction apparatus of the type described by Likens and Nickerson... 

Fatty acids as precursors of volatiles in steam distillate-hexane extracts of tobacco and wheat Relative abundances of specific fatty acids in hydrolysates of 2 varieties of burley tobacco stalk and 1 variety of wheat (whole plant Including leaves and stems) are given in Table III. 

Fractions from the condensate of Burley tobacco afforded two terpenoid alkaloids, l,3,6,6-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-8-one (116)... 

Two new alkaloids have been isolated from Burley tobacco Nicotiana tabacum L.) condensate, and their structures elucidated mainly on mass and n.m.r. spectral evidence. Structure (38) has been assigned to one and confirmed by two syntheses, one of which involves the exhaustive aeetylation of isophorone (39) with aeetie anhydride-perchlorie acid to the pyrylium salt (40). Ammonolysis of the salt yielded the alkaloid (38). The second alkaloid, formulated as (41), was synthesized from 5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclopenten-l-one (42) via Michael addition of ethyl acetoacetate to give, after hydrolysis and decarboxylation, (43). Regioselective acetalization then... 

Rodgman et al. (3294) described the composition of an aliphatic ester fraction isolated from MSS generated by cigarettes fabricated from an American tobacco blend, burley tobacco, or Oriental tobacco. Aliphatic ester fractions almost identical with those from the smokes were also isolated from flue-cured tobacco, burley, and Oriental tobaccos. With the analytical technology available in the early 1960s, the aliphatic ester fraction was shown to consist of a series of esters whose alcohol moiety varied from 1-dodecanol (C12) to... 

Effect of Sugars Added to Burley Tobacco on Mainstream Smoke Aldehyde and Ketone Yields (8A07)... 

The amounts of phenol and 4-methylphenol (p-cresol) in the pyrolysates obtained under various conditions from several major tobacco components (cellulose, pectin, and lignin), a tobacco additive (invert sugar), several individual tobacco types (flue-cured tobacco, cased burley tobacco, Maryland tobacco), and a tobacco substitute (spinach) were reported by Rodgman and Mims (3305) and Rodgman and Cook (3286). Table IX.A-14 summarizes the results. 

Spears et al. (3767) and Bell et al. (248) determined the generation of phenol when flue-cured and burley tobaccos and various tobacco components (glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, and pectin) were pyrolyzed at various temperatures in an air or nitrogen atmosphere. In each instance, phenol was generated. 

In his study of the composition of smoke from an all-burley tobacco cigarette, Heckman (1586) identified sixteen amides, ranging in complexity from acetamide to V -formylnomicotine. 

The identities of the free amino acids of cured leaf are well known (1351). Of the forty-four amino acids reported in leaf, a majority have also been found in tobacco smoke. Proline and asparagine are the major amino acids in hue-cured tobacco, whereas asparagine and aspartic acid are the major amino acids in burley tobacco. These plus glutamine and histidine are the principal amino acid precursors of the hve-membered A-containing ring compounds in tobacco. 

Of the thirty-five lactams reported in tobacco smoke by Schumacher et al. (3553) at the 1975 Tobacco Chemists Research Conference (TCRC) and published in 1977, twenty-one were new to the tobacco smoke literature. As noted in Chapter 13 and Chapter 14, used in this study was a recently developed analytical technology that permitted fractionation and identification of the water-soluble components of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). Similarly in their 1978 TCRC presentation and 1981 publication, Heckman and Best (1587) reported the identification of two additional new lactams in tobacco smoke, 3-ethyl-5-methylene-3-pyrrolid-2-one and A-methyl-5-(l-methylethylidene)-3-pyrrolid-2-one. They also confirmed the presence in tobacco smoke of many of the lactams previously reported (3553). In his earlier study of the mainstream smoke from an all-burley tobacco cigarette, Heckman (1986) identified eight lactams. 

Andersen, R.A., H.R. Burton, P.D. Eleming, T.R. Hamilton-Kemp, and S.L. Gay Effects of an air-curing environment on alkaloid derived nitrosamines in burley tobacco in V-Nitroso compounds to human cancer Exposures and mechanisms, edited by H. Bartsch, I.K. O Neill, and R. Schulte-Hermann, lARC, Lyon, Erance, lARC Sci. Publ. No. 84 (1987) 451 55. 

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