Peritoneal fluid

The gross lesions seen in chicks treated with chlorodibenzodioxins are summarized in Table VI. The most consistent gross lesions were increased pericardial and peritoneal fluid, subcutaneous and pulmonary edema, hepatomegaly, and a mottled appearance of the liver. 

Opiates and other narcotics and analgesic drugs may unpre-dicatably elevate the serum amylase. The elevation may last up to 24 hours. Therefore it is important that blood for amylase determination be drawn before giving the patient analgesic drugs for pain. Elevation of the enzyme in peritoneal fluid is strong... 

Clinical improvement should be seen within 48 hours of initiating treatment for peritonitis or catheter-related infections. Perform daily inspections of peritoneal fluid or the exit site to determine clinical improvement. Peritoneal fluid should become clear with improvement of peritonitis and erythema and discharge should remit with improvement of catheter-related infections. If no improvement is seen within 48 hours, obtain additional cultures and cell counts to determine the appropriate alterations in therapy. 

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Bacterial infection of the peritoneal fluid without an abdominal source. 

Fluids such as tissue aspirates, cyst fluid, bronchial washings, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, and peritoneal fluid can be examined directly, or they can be centrifuged and the sediment examined by wet mounts or stains (or both), depending on the parasite suspected, as described above for abscesses or tissue. 

Apart from the bloodstream, other body fluids where drug concentration data are clinically relevant include urine, synovial fluid, and peritoneal fluid. 

C5a is inactivated by the myeloperoxidase-H202 system, which oxidises a methionine residue (Met 70) on the molecule group A streptococcal endo-proteinases also abolish chemotactic activity of C5a and related compounds. Neutrophil lysosomal enzymes (e.g. elastase and cathepsin G) also destroy C5a chemotactic activity, but as these proteases are inhibited by the serum antiproteinases, a -antiproteinase and a2-macroglobulin, the physiological role of neutrophilic proteases in the inactivation of C5a is questionable. Two chemotactic factor inactivators have been found in human serum an a-globulin that specifically and irreversibly inactivates C5-derived chemotactic factors, and a / -globulin that inactivates bacterial chemotactic factors. These activities are heat labile (destroyed by treatment at 56 °C for 30 min) and are distinct from those attributable to anaphylatoxin inactivator. An apparently specific inhibitor of C5-derived chemotactic activity has also been described in human synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid. This factor (molecular mass of 40 kDa) is heat stable and acts directly on C5a. 

Alhamdani, M. S. S., Al-Azzawie, H. F., and Abbas, F. K. (2007b). Decreased formation of advanced glycation end-products in peritoneal fluid by carnosine and related peptides. Perit. Dial. Int. 27, 86-89. 

Drug concentrations in pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor approach two-thirds of the serum concentration when local inflammation is present. Meningeal and am-niotic fluid penetration, with or without local inflammation, is uniformly poor. Measurement of serum, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid drug levels has not been used clinically. 

IgG Immunoglobulin G is present in lymph fluid, blood, cerebrospinal fluid and peritoneal fluid. It is composed of 2 y chains of 50 kDa and 2 L chains (k or ) of 25 kDa with a total molecular weight of 150 kDa. The functions of IgG include agglutination and formation of precipitate, passage through placenta and thus conferring immunity to fetus, opsonization, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), activation of complement, neutralization of toxins, immobilization of bacteria and neutralization of virus. 

A 54-year-old woman and a 62-year-old man with catheter blockages both developed aseptic peritonitis (166). In both cases clots had earlier been removed by laparoscopy, which also showed diffuse thickening around the tip and in the peritoneal fat, with fluid accumulation or inflammation and whitish urticarialike plaques. The tissue was granulomatous, with histiocytes, fibrosis, and pseudo-amyloid material that could not be labeled by anti-insulin antibodies. The peritoneal fluid contained a lot of fibrin, monocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages, but no bacteria or cancer cells. 

Moxalactam readily diffuses into the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of patients with and without meningitis (49-52). Distribution of the drug following therapeutic dosages has been determined in CSF (49-52), bile (38,54,55), aqueous humor (53,54), peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, prostatic fluid, sputum, and several other tissues and fluids. Body fluid and tissue analyses give primarily qualitative data as to the presence or absence of the drug at a particular site, and therapeutic efficacy cannot be predicted from these data. 

Determine differential cell counts on cytospin smears of peritoneal fluids (100 xjj for 3 min) stained by the Wright-Giemsa method. 

P15. Polak, G., Koziol-Montewka, M., Gogacz, M., Blaszkowska, I., and Kotarski, J., Total antioxidant status of peritoneal fluid in infertile women. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 94, 261-263 (2001). 

Xu X, Othman ER, Issaq HJ, Hornung D, Al-Hendy A, Veenstra TD (2008) Multiplexed quantitation of endogenous estrogens and estrogen metabolites in human peritoneal fluid. Electrophoresis 29 2706-2713... 

Ovarian cancer patients with progressed disease often present with ascites/ peritoneal fluid. In some women, ovarian cysts are detected containing cystic fluid. The concentrations of suPAR in these body fluids were compared with those in serum made from peripheral blood and blood aspirated from the surface veins on the tumor in 77 patients admitted for surgery of ovarian tumors [21]. In this study, elevated levels of suPAR were measured in serum from peripheral blood and tumor blood in the patients with more advanced disease. However, the concentrations of suPAR in the body fluids were quite different, in serum the measured concentrations were between 46 and 98 pmol/liter, in ascites/peritoneal fluid concentrations were between 293 and 586 pmol/liter, and in cystic fluids the concentrations were even higher, that is 651-8468 pmol/liter. The concentrations of suPAR in cystic fluids clearly separated benign and malignant cysts with predictive values above 90%. The levels of suPAR in cystic fluids could therefore be used in the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer patients. The suPAR in the cystic fluids was present both in intact and cleaved forms and at least some of the suPAR(I-III) was not occupied by uPA [21]. In another study, tumor tissue, serum, ascites, and urine from ovarian cancer patients were analyzed for their content of the different uPAR forms. Whereas all of tumor lysates, ascites, and urine contained uPAR(I-III) and uPAR(II-III), domain I was only present in urine samples. In serum, only intact suPAR was detected [82], The antibodies used for identification were mAb R3 (domain I) and mAb R2 (domain III). 

Total and differential cell counts are performed on whole blood, BAL, and peritoneal fluid in order to characterize changes in leukocyte numbers in these biological fluids. 

Differential cell counts of the BAL and peritoneal fluids are performed on cytospin-prepared slides. Differential counts of leukocytes in peripheral blood are performed on blood smears. The slides are stained with Diff-Quik (American Scientific Products, McGaw Park, IL) and at least 200 cells are counted per sample to determine the percent of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and other cells. 

The importance of tissue penetration varies with the site of infection. The CNS is one body site where the importance of antimicrobial penetration is relatively well defined and correlations with clinical outcomes are established. Drugs that do not reach significant concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid should either be avoided or instilled directly when treating meningitis. Apart from the bloodstream, other body fluids where drug concentration data are clinically relevant include urine, synovial fluid, and peritoneal fluid. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximal plasma concentration can be predictive of treatment outcome when specific ratios of AUC or maximal plasma concentration to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) are achieved. For... 

In 1959 a very reliable physical sign was described which is present consistently with as little as 120 ml of peritoneal fluid ( puddle sign )- This phenomenon also makes it possible to differentiate shifting dullness due to fluid-filled loops of bowel from that due to collections of free intra-abdominal fluid. The puddle sign is generally not influenced by obesity. (46)... 

Levy, V.G., Opolon, R, Pauleau, N., Carol , X Treatment of ascites by reinfusion of concentrated peritoneal fluid- review of 318 procedures in 210 patients. Postgrad. Med. J. 1975 51 564—566... 

Although there is limited pharmacokinetic information available in horses, these agents appear to be similar to other penicillins. Following i.v. injection of ticarcillin to horses, at a dose rate of 44 mg/kg, the serum concentration at 30 min was 104.3 jjig/1 and the mean peak peritoneal fluid concentration (61.4(i,g/l) was reached 2h after injection. The half-life of ticarcillin was 0.94 h. Following i.m. injection (44 mg/kg), the peak serum (28.3 xg/l) and peritoneal fluid (19.2 xg/l) concentrations were reached after 2h. The bioavailability of ticarcillin was 64.9%. 

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