Tissue growth

The growth of animals can be defined as an increase in mass of whole body, tissue(s), organ(s), or ceU(s) with time. This type of growth can be characterized by morphometric measurements eg, skeletal muscle or adipose tissue growth can be described by observing temporal changes in ceU number, ie, hyperplasia, and ceU size, ie, hypertrophy. Growth also includes developmental aspects of function and metaboHsm of cells and tissues from conception to maturity. 

Because adraiaistratioa of GRF is presumed to act through the same mechanisms iavolved ia ST mediatioa of metaboHsm and tissue growth, similar iateractions with gender, genotype, and nutritional status are expected. 

In humans, most steroids function as hormones, chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and carried through the bloodstream to target tissues. There are two main classes of steroid hormones the sex hormones, which control maturation, tissue growth, and reproduction, and the adrenocortical hormones, which regulate a variety of metabolic processes. 

Histamine is a biogenic amine that is widely distributed in the body and functions as a major mediator of inflammation and allergic reactions, as a physiological regulator of gastric acid secretion in the stomach, as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and may also have a role in tissue growth and repair. 

Although mast cells and basophils probably account for >90% of stored histamine in the body, histamine is also present in platelets, enterochromaffin-like cells, endothelial cells, and neurons. Histamine can act as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Histaminergic nerves have their cell bodies within a very small area of the brain (the magnocellular nuclei of the posterior hypothalamus) but have axons in most areas of the forebrain. There is also evidence for axons projecting into the spinal (Fig. 1) cord. Finally, there is evidence that histamine synthesis can be induced in tissues undergoing rapid tissue growth and repair. In certain neonatal tissues (e.g. liver), the rate of synthesis of this unstored diffusable histamine (termed nascent histamine) is profound and may point to a role for histamine is cell proliferation. 

The testes and adrenal glands produce 90% and 10%, respectively, of circulating testosterone. Testosterone enters prostate cells, where predominantly type II 5a-reductase activates testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which combines with a cytoplasmic receptor. The complex enters the nucleus and induces changes in protein synthesis which promote glandular tissue growth of the prostate. Thus, 5a-reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride and dutas-teride) directly interfere with one of the major etiologic factors of BPH. 

Osteophytosis and soft tissue growth at joint margin... 

The variation of the lutein concentration across the wide yellow bands of Monarch may be related to growth within this tissue. Growth occurs at a remarkable rate for these organisms, and it is probable that the carotenoid concentrations within the rapidly growing regions may lag behind slowly growing regions. Alternatively, the tissue thickness and microstructure, which were not measured, may vary and contribute to the observation. 

Erwin WM et al (2006) Nucleus pulposus notochord cells secrete connective tissue growth factor and up-regulate proteoglycan expression by intervertebral disc chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 54(12) 3859-3867... 

In this chapter we will review the basic aspects of endocrine regulation of breast tissue growth and development. The relationship between genetics, estrogen exposure, and breast cancer risk will be discussed, and preclinical and clinical experience in the use of SERMS for both prevention and adjuvant treatment of ER-positive breast cancer will be reviewed and put in perspective. 

When assaying tissue, growth stimulation by unknown factors is always a drawback. In the assay of rat liver with L. pJantarum such stimulation was noted the drift was overcome by the addition of enzymatically hydrolyzed casein (FI). When assaying human liver, we also noted growth enhancement for O. danica by unknown factors the 1 2 dilution, as described above, obviated any drift. Biotin recoveries ranged from 96 to 103%. 

Chapter 3 describes the 1-benzazepine family, particularly in relation to their use in the treatment of certain forms of hypertension resulting from inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzymes. In Chapter 4, regulation of the role of mast cells in the control of the microenvironment, and tissue growth and repair by many endogenous peptides is reviewed. 

A major function of hGH is the promotion of anabolic activity, that is, bone and tissue growth due to increase in metabolic processes. Other biological effects of hGH are stimulation of protein synthesis, elevation of blood glucose level, and improvement of liver function. 

Hormones are intercellular messengers insulin is used to treat diabetes, while growth hormone promotes bone and tissue growth. 

Ulcerative colitis chronic inflammatory disease affecting the large intestine and the rectum Urticaria a skin condition characterised by pruritus Uterine fibroids fibrous tissue growth in the uterus Verrucas viral skin infection, wart... 

Danilenko DM. Preclinical and early clinical development of keratinocyte growth factor, an epithelial-specific tissue growth factor. Toxicol Pathol 1999 27(1) 64-71. 

Fig. 8. Normalized tissue growth in amorphous PLLA devices of different pore sizes ( 500 pm ( ) 179 pm (O) and 91 pm (A)) as a function of implantation time [45], The error bars designate means + range of two sections...

TGFa-PE4o (TP40) Tissue growth factor-alpha (TGF-a) Binds to TGF receptors overexpressed on solid tumors PE40 is a binding-deficient variant of PE Cytotoxicity Evaluated in phase I testing for bladder cancer [106]... 

Furthermore, it was indicated that miR-17-19b cluster included in miR-17-92 cluster inhibited apoptotic cell death, and accelerated c-Myc-induced lymphomagenesis in mice reconstituted with miR-17-19b cluster-over-expressed haematopoietic stem cells (43). In addition, the miR-17-92 cluster has been reported to augment angiogenesis in vivo by down-regulation of anti-angiogenic thrombospondin-1 and coimective tissue growth factor in Ras-transformed colonoc Tes (45). 

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