Tissue glandular

The organ also contains neuroactive compounds as constituents of the vasomotor and neuro-glandular tissues (Zancanaro et al., 1997). These include the amine transmitters Nor-adrenalin and Serotonin (5-HT), whose presence is presumably related to the non-olfactory innervations. Local stimulation effects [Figs. 5.2 and 5.5(a)] can alter the biogenic amine levels in the VNO of female mice, as a result of exposure to male conspecific urine, and consequent arousal of the suction-pump [c.f. Fig. 5.7(a)]. 

The testes and adrenal glands produce 90% and 10%, respectively, of circulating testosterone. Testosterone enters prostate cells, where predominantly type II 5a-reductase activates testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which combines with a cytoplasmic receptor. The complex enters the nucleus and induces changes in protein synthesis which promote glandular tissue growth of the prostate. Thus, 5a-reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride and dutas-teride) directly interfere with one of the major etiologic factors of BPH. 

Malignant cells are divided into categories based on the cells of origin. Carcinomas arise from epithelial cells, whereas sarcomas arise from muscle or connective tissue. Adenocarcinomas arise from glandular tissue. Carcinoma in situ refers to cells limited to epithelial origin that have not yet invaded the basement membrane. 

Adenocarcinoma Malignant tumor originating in glandular tissue. 

Finally, the preganglionic neuron may travel to the adrenal medulla and synapse directly with this glandular tissue. The cells of the adrenal medulla have the same embryonic origin as neural tissue and, in fact, function as modified postganglionic neurons. Instead of the release of neurotransmitter directly at the synapse with an effector tissue, the secretory products of the adrenal medulla are picked up by the blood and travel throughout the body to all of the effector tissues of the sympathetic system. 

The adenohypophysis is derived embryonically from glandular tissue, specifically, Rathke s pouch. This tissue originates from the oropharynx, or the roof of the mouth. It then migrates toward the embryonic nervous tissue destined to form the neurohypophysis. When these two tissues come into contact, Rathke s pouch loses its connection with the roof of the mouth and the pituitary gland is formed. Unlike the neurohypophysis, which releases hormones originally synthesized in the hypothalamus, the adenohypophysis synthesizes its own hormones in specialized groups of cells. Similar to the neurohypophysis, however, the release of these hormones into the blood is regulated by the hypothalamus. 

Anatomically, the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system comprised of neural cells forming a network throughout the body. The peripheral system is itself subdivided into two sections the somatic system, where control of skeletal muscles allows movement and breathing, and the autonomic system which controls the actions of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandular tissues. Further subdivision of the autonomic system based on anatomical and biochemical factors creates the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. 

Nielsen S, King LS, Christensen BM, Agre P (1997) Aquaporins in complex tissues. II. Subcellular distribution in respiratory and glandular tissues of rat. Am J Physiol 273(5 Pt 1) C1549-C1561... 

Thyroid epithelial cells synthesize and secrete T4 and T3 and make up the functional units of thyroid glandular tissue, the thyroid follicles. Thyroid follicles are hollow vesicles formed by a single layer of epithelial cells that are filled with colloid. T4,T3, and iodine are stored in the follicular colloid. T4 and T3 are derived from tyrosyl residues of the protein thyroglobulin (Tg). Thyroid follicular cells synthesize and secrete Tg into the follicular lumen. Thyroid follicular cells also remove iodide (I ) from the blood and concentrate it within the follicular lumen. Within the follicles, some of the tyrosyl residues of Tg are iodinated, and a few specific pairs of iodoty-rosyl residues may be coupled to form T4 and T3. Thus, T4, T3, and iodine (in the form of iodinated tyrosyl residues) are found within the peptide structure of the Tg that is stored in the follicular lumen. 

Ad libitum. At pleasure. Adenocarcinoma. Carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures may be classified according to the predominant pattern of cell arrangement, as papillary, alveolar, etc., or according to a particular products of the cells, as mucinous adenocarcinoma. 

Frigeri A, Cropper MA, Umenishi F, Kawashima M, Brown D, Verkman AS (1995) Localization of MIWC and GLIP water channel homologs in neuromuscular, epithelial and glandular tissues. J Cell Sci 108 2993-3002... 

Zolpidem reaches peak plasma concentrations between 0.75 and 2.6 hours after a dose. In the plasma, it is approximately 92% protein bound. The drug is slightly lipophilic, leading to higher concentrations in glandular tissues and fats, and lower concentrations in the CNS (Salva and Costa, 1995). 

Male rats treated with isophorone in the NTP (1986) study also had preputial gland carcinomas, an extremely rare finding. Analogous tissues in humans are modified sebaceous glands in the prepuce (foreskin of the penis), but it is not known whether isophorone could cause tumors in these glands or other glandular tissues in humans. 

Adenoma A tumor, usually benign (q.v.), occurring in glandular tissue. 

Histamine has much smaller effects on the activity of other glandular tissue at ordinary concentrations. Very high concentrations can cause adrenal medullary discharge. 

Wharton et al, 1962). Therefore, the identification of its tissue source has been confounded by adsorption of the pheromone to females and their feces, as well as by the extraordinary sensitivity of the males. The first attempt at identifying the source of pheromone concluded that it was produced in the head (Stiirckow and Bodenstein, 1966), but later studies disproved this unusual finding and now it is generally accepted that the pheromone occurs mainly in the abdomen, specifically in the digestive system, feces, or in glandular tissues in the posterior abdominal segments. 

In malignancy, glandular epithelia constitute the main kallikrein immunoex-pression sites, and staining of their secretions indicating that these proteases are secreted. Similar to the IE pattern in normal glandular tissues, all hKs are expressed in adenocarcinomas. In the future, it is clearly worthwhile to study the relation of the IE of all hKs with prognosis of several malignancies and to correlate these results with those obtained by other methods. 

---