Timing of Inoculation

In fact, a few researchers have reported successfully inducing simultaneous alcoholic and malolactic fermentations (Beelman, 1982 Beelman and Kunkee, 1985 Henick-Kling and Park, 1994). 

Additionally, early inoculation may result in production of acetic acid due to the presence of fermentable carbohydrates (Lafon-Lafourcade and Ribereau-Gayon, 1984 Ribereau-Gayon, 1985). However, Semon et al. (2001) did not observe excessive volatile acidities in wines inoculated early or during alcoholic fermentation with O. oeni, in agreement with other studies (Giannakopoulos et al., 1984 Beelman and Kunkee, 1985 Rodriguez et al., 1990 Edwards et al., 1991). Semon et al. (2001) noted that volatile acidities of Chardonnay wines inoculated with different strains of O. oeni prior to alcoholic fermentation were higher than those inoculated after completion of the fermentation, but not to undesirable concentrations (Table 8.4). 

Strain of 0. oeni Day of bacterial inoculation pH Titratable acidity (g/lOOniL) Volatile acidity (g/lOOmL) Malic acid (g/L) Lactic acid (g/L) 

Means within a column with different superscript letters are significantly different (p 0.05). 

Adapted from Semon et al. (2001) with the kind permission of the Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research. 

---

Similarly, the administration of IFN-y or IL-12 at the time of inoculation with N. brasiliensis significantly prolonged the course of infection, with the effects of IL-12 being IFN-y dependent (Urban et al., 1993 Finkelman et al., 1994). It is interesting that the effects of administration of IL-12... 

Guo, X., Chen, J. R., Brackett, R. E., and Beuchat, L. R. (2001). Survival of Salmonellae on and in tomato plants from the time of inoculation at flowering and early stages of fruit development through fruit ripening. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67,4760M764. 

Including a set of initial conditions at the time of inoculation, the profiles of these variables with time can be determined by numerical integration with the aid of a computer program (Appendix D). 

Effect of Spore Dormancy. Spore dormancy may contribute to a decline in bioherbicide efficacy. Spore dormancy in fungal spores may be maintained by chemicals as well as metabolic blocks (3A) The presence of inhibitors may be indicated by an Increase in efficacy upon addition of an adsorbent such as activated, charcoal to the bioherbicide at the time of inoculation. This was the case when adsorbent was added to F. lateritium spores (10 spores/ml) and the occurrence of dew (20 h) was delayed for 8 h after inoculation (Figure 6). The agent causing spore dormancy may be synthesized by either the spore or host. 

Henick-Kling, T, Park, Y.H. (1994). Considerations fort he use of yeast and bacterial starter cultures SO2 and timing of inoculation. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 45, 464 69. 

The substrate is added to the fermentation medium at the time of inoculation or during a later phase of microbial growth1. The optimum time of substrate addition must be determined, whereafter incubation is continued until maximum yield of transformation has been reached. The level of the enzyme responsible for the desired hydroxylation may be enhanced by induction if the substrate is added during active growth of the microorganism. On the other hand, if the substrate inhibits cell growth, substrate addition must be delayed until maximum cell mass is obtained. 

Unless one has a large staff of assistants it would be impossible to inoculate 2800 jars in one work session. After getting used to the work one could do about 100 jars an hour. The best procedure is to set up a continuous rotation of inoculations. Working about three hours a day about 235 jars could be inoculated each session. All 2800 jars could be inoculated in 12 days. Sections of shelving would be divided into groups of 235 jars, and these sections would be labled with the date and approximate time of inoculation. The work schedule for cultivation would be as follows ... 

Feeding studies demonstrated that benzoic acid added at the time of inoculation was not mcorporated but when added at d 3,4, or 5 was incorporated at very significant levels. This presumably was because of the fact that the compound added at d 0 was metabolized by the processes of primary metabolism before the culture reached stationary phase where secondary metabolism for the most part takes over. 

Figure 1.11 Relative gene expression profiles of PaChi4, a elass IV chitinase, and pathogen colonization levels in bark of two Norway spruce clones following inoculation with Heterobasidion annosum. The bark around the inoculation site was spatially sampled 3 and 14 days after inoculation. Clone 409 is highly susceptible and clone 589 is moderately resistant to this pathogen. The transcript levels of the chitinase in clone 409 at the time of inoculation (shown at 0 mm distance from inoculation) were used as a reference transcript level and defined as the lx expression level, and the transcript levels of all the other samples are expressed as the fold change over this reference level. Pathogen colonization (Path, col.) was measured as the ratio of pathogen to host DNA. Each data point represents the mean of two ramets. For further details, see Hietala et al. (2004).

The amplitude of the adjuvant effects results from a complex interplay between route of administration, time of inoculation, antigen dose, antigen constituents, adjuvant form, and host species. The in vivo response to an antigen has been extensively studied in order to investigate the mechanism of action and the main results are summarized below. 

The high level of polyunsaturates in may result from its increased ability to convert exogenous 16 0 to unsaturates, compared to wild type. When grown from the time of inoculation in the presence of [2H]16 0, on average more than 70% of its fatty acids are derived from the supplement. The remaining fatty acids are presumably synthesized by a combination of residual activity of cytosolic fatty acid synthase, and mitochondrial fatty acid synthase. 

As expected, since cd obtains the majority of its fatty acid from the supplement, cd incorporated a greater proportion of exogenous DHS into its lipids than did wild type. In addition, DHS treatment inhibited the formation of the longer-chain polyunsaturates. When added at the time of inoculation, DHS also promoted growth and de novo fatty acid biosynthesis by cd to near wild type. We are currently investigating the mechanism of this effect. 

Non-ionic dispersants inhibited biofilm formation when added to the medium at the time of inoculation. When films did form, they tended to be thinner and less dense than the untreated biofilms. Addition of non-ionic dispersants to existing biofilms did not trigger sloughing or film removal. 

The presence of ethanol at the time of inoculation prolongs the latent phase and reduces cellular multiplication. An elevated temperature increases this inhibitory action. This effect of ethanol on yeast growth and fermentation speed occurs even at low concentrations from the start of fermentation. The difficulty of restarting a stuck fermentation is, therefore, understandable. 

Some experiments were done to compare quinic and shikimic acid as carbon sources for pyocyanine biosynthesis in a medium also containing uniformly-labeled glyceroP C and L-alanine- C (MacDonald, 1963). The best incorporation (74%) of the carbon atoms of quinic acid into the carbon atoms of pyocyanine was obtained when quinic acid was added at a concentration of 1 % at the time of inoculation with a small inoculum. If quinic acid was added when pigment formation had just started, or if quinic acid was added at a concentration of 0.25 %, or if a large inoculum of washed cells was used, the incorporation of quinic acid into pyocyanine was less (21— 46 %). The best incorporation (29 or 31 %) of the... 

To test directly whether the organism was sensitive to actinomycin IV (D) various concentrations of the antibiotic, were added to the medium at the time of inoculation of the culture. After 24 hours growth, a marked inhibition of mycelial growth was observed when actinomycin was present during the incubation (Fig. 18). A 50% inhibition was obtained at a concentration of 4.2(xg/ml and virtually complete inhibition was achieved at 50 [xg/ml (Yoshida, Weissbach and Katz, 1966). It was also found that the ability of actively growing cells to incorporate C-labeled amino acids into protein was quite sensitive to actinomycin (Table 14). Studies with young cultures (12 hours old) revealed that there was a... 

---