Fermentable carbohydrates

Beet juice contains about 80% of fermentable carbohydrates and nitrogenous compounds. To remove these compounds, a yeast fermentation utilising Candida utillis has been suggested (141). By so doiag, a more concentrated form of the dye becomes available. The red dye from beets is sold as beet juice concentrate, as dehydrated beet root, and as a dried powder. 

Ethyl alcohol (CH3CH2OH) production is considered by many to be the world s oldest profession. Fermenting carbohydrates is still the... 

Fermentation. Many bacteria live in anaerobic environments where they ferment carbohydrates to produce substances such as... 

The presence of S. mutans and other cariogenic bacteria contributes towards the formation of a biofilm known as dental plaque, and their metabolism of fermentable carbohydrates in the diet leads to the formation of acids [12]. Dental caries has been described as a complex imbalance in physiologic equilibrium between tooth mineral and biofilm [13]. Biofilms imply the involvement of microbiological species [14], but the key concept included within this definition is that the bacteria involved are native to the body, not a group of specific invasive bacteria causing infection [14]. 

It is now known that teeth undergo a continuous process of demineralisation and remineralisation (see Table 2), which is driven by changes in the plaque composition [29]. In the presence of fermentable carbohydrates plaque microorganisms generate characteristic organic acids, that is, lactic and acetic [17], and these diffuse through the pellicle to the tooth surface and cause demineralisation [30]. Ions are then liberated from the mineral phase into this low pH liquid [31], and they diffuse outwards and re-precipitate at the surface layer of the demineralised lesion [32,33]. If this process is sufficiently rapid, there is a net loss of tooth mineral and irreversible cavity formation. 

Properly made cheese is quite a hostile environment for bacteria due to a low pH, moderate-to-high salt in the moisture phase, anaerobic conditions (except at the surface), lack of a fermentable carbohydrate and the production of bacteriocins by the starter. Consequently, cheese is a very selective environment and its internal non-starter microflora is dominated by lactic acid bacteria, especially mesophilic lactobacilli, and perhaps some Micrococcus and Pediococcus. 

Treatment cf these disease states may be based on vaccination or drugs. In some cases, e.g. swine dysentery, no vaccines are available, so antibiotic treatment is essential. Antibiotic administration may be prophylactic or therapeutic with pigs, in particular, agents to control dysentery are routinely added to feedstuff or drinking water. The route of administration may also be highly important. For instance, in ruminants the preferred mode is injection, e.g. parenterally. The oral route, which introduces antibiotics directly into the rumen, may upset the delicate balance of rumen bacteria which are necessary to ferment carbohydrates to fatty acids — an essential component of the energy supply of ruminants. 

Parasitic stages, on the other hand, generally do not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor but use fermentative processes to obtain most of their ATP. For these stages, an uneconomical energy metabolism is not detrimental, as the host provides the nutrients. Most adult flatworms inside the final host produce end products of a fermentative carbohydrate breakdown, such as succinate, acetate, propionate and lactate. These end products are formed via malate dismutation, a fermentative pathway, which is present in all types of parasitic worms (flatworms as well as many nematodes), but which is also present in animals like freshwater snails, mussels, oysters and other marine organisms. Malate dismutation is linked to a specially... 

Although studies suggest that dietary incorporation of fermentable carbohydrates increases microfloral metabolism of xenobiotics, Rowland et al. (23) reported that dietary pectin did not uniformly increase the activity of intestinal microfloral nitroreductases that is, dietary pectin increased the cecal nitroreduction of p-nitrobenzoic acid and metronidazole, but not p-nitrophenol, 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene, or 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene. The presence of intes-... 

These studies indicate that intestinal microfloral metabolism and red blood cell toxicity of nitrobenzene is markedly different in animals fed cereal-based versus purified diets. Furthermore, since inclusion of pectin into the purified diet diminishes the magnitude of these effects, differences in dietary composition of fermentable carbohydrates in cereal-based and purified diets may mediate differences in metabolism and toxicity of nitrobenzene (27). 

Another reason for consuming sugar-free products is the belief that refined sugar is in some way unhealthy. Tooth friendly claims are highly specific the product must be tested to see that it does not cause a fall in pH during eating, and this system requires the use of a specialised pH electrode strapped to the teeth of a volunteer. To pass this test the product must be free of any fermentable carbohydrate and acids - this does have the odd effect in that some products which contain concentrated fruit juice fail the test and have to be re-formulated. The calorific values accepted by the authorities are not universal. The current position in the European Union is that the polyols are only partially absorbed to the extent of 2.4 kcal g 1 as opposed to 4 kcal g 1 if they are completely absorbed. For example, the polyol lactitol has the following accepted values ... 

Oenococcus is a facultative acidophilic anaerobe and grows at pH 4.8 with temperatures between 18 °C and 30 °C. It requires a rich medium supplemented with tomato juice or grape juice, and its growth is not inhibited in the presence of 10% ethanol. Glucose is fermented in lactic acid, carbon dioxide, acetic acid and ethanol (it is a heterofermenter). It converts malate into lactate and CO2 in the presence of fermentable carbohydrate. 

By the end of the small intestine, deposition is almost complete and there is no need for intestinal secretions to aid assimilation. The principal role of the colon is to resorb water and reclaim sodium however, complex carbohydrate components of vegetable origin have nutritional value but are relatively resistant to attack from intestinal secretion. In the caecum, a complex bacterial environment digests the soluble, fermentable carbohydrates to yield short-chain fatty acids, which are assimilated into the systemic circulation by the colon, together with vitamin K released from the plant material. 

There are many publications and comprehensive handbooks on the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of carbohydrates (e.g., Refs. 1 and 2). The reason is their great importance in life science and the great diversity of cases monosaccharide, disaccharide, trisaccharide, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, aldose, ke-tose, triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, as well as reducing and nonreducing sugars. In addition, when extracted from natural products or produced by fermentation, carbohydrates are accompanied by many impurities. That is why separation methods are used predominantly for their analysis. 

Gin Distilled from any fermentable carbohydrate (barley, potato, corn, wheat, rye) flavored by a second distillation with juniper berries 35-50... 

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