Process real-time measurement

This study was in real time measured that the reflective echo height of the bonding interface in the solid phase diffused bonding process of carbon steel and titanium using ultrasonic testing method. As a result, the following were made discernment. 

Obviously, the fast-fill-and-hold method is preferred from the viewpoint of elapsed time. More importantly, the fed-batch method requires an accurate process model that may not be available. The fast-fill-and-hold method can use a process model or it can use a real-time measurement of concentration. 

In designing a continuous plant, therefore, it is essential to establish the measurement and control strategy based on an understanding of which critical aspects are indicative of good or poor plant operation, and how deviation of these measurements can be exploited to perform a corrective process control action. Estabhshing suitable on-hne real-time measurement techniques may be a blocker to the implementation of continuous processing. In contrast, implementation of a successful measurement and control strategy may be the enabler for improved product yields and product quahty. 

From the examples given above it is clear that the development of a novel approach for real time measurements of the dissociation kinetics of reaction intermediates would greatly assist the unravelling of complex multistep processes associated with the transformation of even simple molecules at transition metal centers. While techniques are available for such measurements over a limited range of times, none of the methods are sufficiently general to be useful for extensive measurements. 

Gas sensors are of importance for a variety of environmental, industrial, medical, scientific and even domestic applications. The gas may be, for example, hazardous to human health, an atmospheric pollutant, or important, in terms of its concentration, for an industrial or medical process. Apart from systems merely providing an alarm signal, it is frequently required to obtain accurate real-time measurements of the concentration of a particular target gas, often in a mixture of other gases. 

Newer techniques for measuring the refractive index allow for instantaneous, real-time measurement in process streams, or alternatively, a special continuous-flow sample well can be installed on bench top instruments. Small, pocket-sized refractometers also make held measurement very simple and reliable. Fiber optic sensors find uses in biomedical applications. 

TPS can be used for the real-time monitoring of polymeric compounding processes as demonstrated by Krumbholz et An industrial hardened terahertz spectrometer was interfaced with a polymer extruder, allowing for real-time measurement of the additive content in molten polymers (Figure 16.3). 

It is capable of real-time measurement (and therefore potentially for control). It is non-invasive - the sensors are attached to the exterior of the process vessel. 

Fet us start this section with real-time measurements of the crystallization process of highly ordered thin films of the molecular organic radical / -NPNN grown from the vapour phase on glass substrates (Caro et al, 2000). These films exhibit 2D... 

An on-line monitoring of an industrial chromatographic process was realized by using the Bio View sensor. 2D-fluorescence spectroscopy allows automatic real time measurements directly at the outlet of the chromatographic columns. The fluorescence technique for separating different amino acids is faster and more accurate than conventional methods. The appHcation of the Bio View sensor will reduce costs and will increased the productivity of further chromatographic separations [92,93]. 

PAT is a system for continuous analysis and control of manufacturing processes based on expeditious, real-time measurements during processing. They can measure quality and performance attributes of raw and in-process materials as well as processes to ensure acceptable finished product quality. What makes PAT forward-quality is that it can occur while the process is underway, as opposed to the more traditional approach of measuring quality at the end of the process. Clearly, this significantly supports the recall... 

Ultrafast TRIR. The most fundamental processes of bond making, bond breaking and electron transfer have ultrafast dynamics. Access to these ultrafast time scales by TRIR requires a different approach from real-time measurements. Instead, pulsed-laser techniques based upon optical delay for measurement of time must be used. There are several approaches to measuring TRIR on the 10 — 10 s... 

Computerized real-time measurements and analysis of the coefficient of friction, contact high-frequency acoustic emission, and pad wear allow the effective evaluation of consumables, understanding of tribological interactions at the polishing interface, process development, dynamic characterization of the polishing process, including rate and nonuniformity of material removal, and so on. The application of tribometrology not only is restricted to research and development departments but also proves very useful in the device production facilities. 

However, the desire to reduce or even eliminate the required sample preparation has led to the development of newer techniques, such as proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (MS-SIFT IMS). These techniques allow real-time measurements within a single second. This enables analysis of gas composition during technological processes, monitoring of indoor air, and investigation of VOCs emitted by living organisms. 

The field of applications for optical biosensors is wide, covering clinical, industrial control processes, veterinary, food, environmental monitoring, among others [1]. For all these applications, it is desirable to have a compact sensor of high sensitivity, fast response time and which is able to perform real-time measurements. These requirements can be achieved mainly with optical sensors, due to the intrinsic nature of optical measurements that accommodate a great number of different techniques based on emission, absorption, fluorescence, refractometry or polarimetry. 

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