Time Scales in Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements

The time required to measure a set of N replicated measurements can be given by 

Systems containing stochastic errors with frequency much smaller than /set may appear to be stationary on the time scale of the impedance measurements. 

Stochastic errors with frequency larger than /meas and smaller than /jviy will generate a bias error in the measurement. The resulting spectrum will show inconsistencies with the Kramers-Kronig relations (see Chapter 22). Stochastic errors with frequency much smaller than /meas may also generate data that are inconsistent with the Kramers-Kronig relations. 

If Nf cycles are needed for the measurement at frequency /, the characteristic frequency for an impedance measurement at a given frequency is given by 

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