The U.S. Department of Defense

During the early 1970s, the necessary telecommunications technology became available with packet switching. ARPANet, the first operational packet-switched digital communications network, was implemented by the U.S. Department of Defense. Commercial systems (eg. Telenet, TYMNET, and GENet) became available shortiy thereafter. 

Standards, SAE (Aerospace Materials Specifications), and the U.S. Department of Defense. ... 

Military munitions. Military munitions are all ammunition products and components produced for or used by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) or U.S. Armed Services for national defense and security. Unused or defective munitions are solid wastes when abandoned (i.e., disposed of, burned, incinerated) or treated prior to disposal rendered nonrecyclable or nonuseable through deterioration or declared a waste by an authorized military official. Used (i.e., fired or detonated) munitions may also be solid wastes if collected for storage, recycling, treatment, or disposal. 

The primary document outlining risk assessment methods in the U.S. Department of Defense is a Military Standard, Ref. 39. This document requires a well-documented system safety program, based on risk assessment methods to be included in all new Department of Defense systems and facilities. Hazards analyses of the systems are mandated by this publication. 

Drugs There is an antitoxin stored at the CDC. To arrange to use this antitoxin, call your state health department (or CDC at 404-639-2206 or 404-639-3753 workdays, or call weekends or evenings at 404-639-2888). This chemotherapy (antitoxin) available from CDC is a licensed trivalent equine antitoxin for serotypes A, B, and E. There is no reversal of botulism disease with this drug, but the antitoxin does usually prevent further nerve damage. The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) has a heptavalent equine despeciated antitoxin for serotypes A - G (IND). DOD also has pentavalent toxoid (vaccine) for serotypes A - E (IND). The currently recommended schedule is for use at zero, two, and twelve weeks with a one year booster. This vaccine is supposed to induce solidly protective antitoxin levels in greater that 90 percent of those vaccinated after one year. Contact USAMRIID, (U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases), Fort Detrick, Maryland. Tel. 301-619-2833. 

In 1978, the U.S. Department of Defense began manufacturing military ammunition using depleted U-238, since it had more than 700,000 tons of this byproduct material left from nuclear weapon and nuclear power production. The material was attractive for ammunition production since it had no other use, cost nothing to produce, and is pyrophoric (bursts into flames on contact with a target). 

Hundreds of biological agents are candidates for terrorist weapons however, some are more likely than others. The U.S. Department of Defense published a list of the 17 most likely biological agents that fall into three categories ... 

In 1996 Congress enacted two laws, Public Law 104-201 (authorization) and Public Law 104-208 (appropriation), mandating that the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) assess technology alternatives to the baseline incineration system developed by the Army for the demilitarization of assembled chemical weapons and that it conduct demonstration tests for at least two of them. The laws included the following stipulations ... 

This section of the handbook contains field site information. Most of the worldwide summaries were extracted from an lEA paper. Information on the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Fuel Cell Demonstration was taken from the following web site www.dodfuelcell.com. Finally, Fuel Cell Energy, IFC, and Siemens Westinghouse provided information on their field sites. The IFC PAFC summary includes a number of projects reported by DoD. In the DoD demonstration program, a total of 30 PAFC units were installed at DoD sites across the United States. These were model B and C PC-25 units. 

Johnston Atoll consists of Johnston Island and three much smaller nearby islands that function primarily as nesting sites for various seabird species. The entire atoll complex, including Johnston Island, is managed jointly by the U.S. Department of Defense and the Fish and Wildlife Service as a national wildlife refuge. 

According to the vendor, the approximate cost of using organoclay to remove oil and grease from wastewater at the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) Hill Air Force Base in Utah was 0.55 to 0.65 per 1000 gal. The influent water contained grease, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and heavy metals. It is not clear whether this cost estimate was for the entire treatment system or only for oil and grease removal (D149001). 

At the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) Cape Canaveral Air Station in Florida, 68,200 kg of potassium permanganate were injected into the subsurface to treat TCE contamination. The overall cost of this demonstration was 1,010,764. The overall costs included planning, permits, reports, mobilization, deployment, performance, monitoring, and project management (D22096C, pp. 1, 2). 

The costs of a 10-acre, full-scale, gravel-based constructed wetland used to teat groundwater contaminated with explosive compounds were calculated based on the field demonstration at the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) Milan Army Ammunition Plant near Milan, Tennessee. The estimated, site-specific costs of a 200-gal/min system that discharges effluent to surface waters were 3,466,000 in 1998 dollars. Amortization of these costs was estimated at 1.36 per 1000 gal of effluent for 10 years and 0.45 per 1000 gal for 30 years. Table 1 shows a breakdown of the site-specific estimate. Capital costs for a similar system with groundwater... 

Based on the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) pilot-scale demonstration at the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee, ECOCHOICE is capable of reducing the concentrations target contaminants to less than 3 ppb. At a flow rate of 24 million gallons of contaminated groundwater per year, treatment costs would average 3.00 per 1000 gal (D20947M, p. 2). 

The technology was demonstrated at the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) Tobyhanna Army Depot in Pennsylvania. Under the existing treatment process at the site, chemical costs per year were approximately 4630 per year, and sludge disposal costs were approximately 9400 per year. Based on the performance of the pilot-scale unit, the projected costs for the neutral process were 623 per year for chemicals and 1560 per year for sludge disposal. The vendor... 

The U.S. Army Environmental Center (USAEC) conducted a pilot-scale demonstration of the Daramend technology at the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) Joliet Army Ammunition Plant in Joliet, Illinois. Based on this demonstration, the USAEC estimated the costs associated with a full-scale application of the technology. The estimated costs were 819/yd for the treatment of 10,000 yd 504/yd for the treatment of 50,000 yd and 476/yd for the treatment of 100,000 yd (D221476, p. 3). 

In 1988, FOREMOST Solutions installed a pilot-scale permeable reactive treatment (PeRT) wall at the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama. Treatment wall panels were emplaced up to 75 ft below ground surface (bgs) using patented jet-assisted hydraulic fracturing. The project was designed and installed for 210,000 including the supplies and down-hole materials. Field installation was completed in 14 days (D213332, Appendix p. 74). 

In 1995, a field demonstration of UVB was conducted at the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) Port Hueneme Naval Exchange site in California. The site is a former gasoline station contaminated with approximately 11,000 gal of gasoline. The cost of this UVB application was approximately 184,000. This cost estimate included capital and O M costs but did not include the costs associated with research and development (D188709, p. 12). 

In 1993 through 1994, an IRV-100 thermal desorption unit was used to treat 13,986 yd of soil contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE) at the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) Letterkenny Army Depot Superfund Site in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. The total project costs were 5,402,801. This figure included 4,647,632 for McLaren/Hart s application of the thermal treatment, 192,827 for the DOD s design and projeet remediation, 249,320 for the DOD s design contract, and 312,320 for the DOD s construction contract management (D21039Z, p. 59). 

After a demonstration at the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma, additional cost estimates were prepared for the LT3 process. The estimated unit cost for processing and decontaminating soil with similar contaminants a rate of 8 tons per hour was 86 per ton. The total estimated costs for treating 5000 tons were 116 per ton. The fixed costs for mobilization, startup, and demobilization were estimated to be approximately 150,000 (D12576I, p. 42). 

Cost Estimates In 1994, the Terra-Kleen solvent extraction technology was demonstrated at the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) Naval Air Station North Island Site 4 as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA s) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration program. In 1998, the EPA prepared a cost estimate based on this demonstration (D20809D, pp. 36-41 D107448). This estimate is presented in Table 1. 

During a Nevada field demonstration, approximately 333 yd of soil and debris contaminated with up to 1100 pCi/g of plutonium was processed at the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) and doe s Tonapah Test Range. The actual cost of the demonstration was 138,126. This figure included 8203 for regulatory and compliance issues, 29,614 for mobilization, 78,545 for physical treatment, and 21,764 for demobilization (D21040S, p. 78 D21231X, p. 14). 

In 1994, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) estimated the costs for soil treatment using white-rot fungus at 75 to 300/yd (D10863E, pp. 4-13, D122714). No information is available on what this price included. 

In 1996, the Environmental Process Improvement Center (EPIC) estimated the remediation costs for a two-phase extraction process would range from 70 to 160/lb of VOCs removed. EPIC is an alliance between the U.S. Department of Defense s (DOD s) McClellan Air Force Base, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Cahfomia Environmental Protection Agency (Cal-EPA) (D21566H, pp. 1, 3). 

The Biocat II technology is an improvement of the Biocat process (U.S. Patent 5,076,927), which treats acid mine drainage and heap leach effluents. The improvements were made under a Phase I Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, a component of the U.S. Department of Defense (D10362Y, p. 4). If adequate concentrations of sulfuric acid are not present, additional acid may be required to operate the process. 

The U. S. Department of Defense has decided that Ada shall be the language required on all programming applications dealing with the Army, Navy and Air Force in the near future. Ada was... 

The objective of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in the acquisition of drugs and biologics for CBW defense, or for any other use, is to obtain the desired supply of a given product at an acceptable price. This objective involves DoD in two distinct roles purchaser and developer. 

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