THE OPPORTUNITY FOR RENEWAL

Who would have thought that Martin Scorsese and Spike Lee, who began their careers as student filmmakers, would return to the short film midcareer BMW hired each filmmaker to make a short film about his car that would be shown on its website. The films have been so successful that at least one has been released in select cinemas and the series is available for purchase on DVD. Scorsese had returned earlier to the short form to make the Michael Jackson music video Bad for the album Thriller. Spike Lee, on an ongoing basis, makes commercials. Thus, short films continue to be an important ongoing element of the creative careers of both Martin Scorsese and Spike Lee. 

The question that all this raises for us is this What changes are viable for the short film, a form that, to date, has been most closely aligned with the short story and the poem  

In keeping with a time of change, filmmakers feel they need to reinvent themselves. Turning to the filmmakers I mentioned earlier, Martin Scorsese and Spike Lee, each has established a creative portfolio, principally of feature films. In addition, each has made commercials and MTV videos. But the principle of reinvention has gone even further. Martin Scorcese has reinvented himself as a filmmaker/scholar. He has created four 8-hour documentaries devoted first to American film and more recently to Italian cinema. Spike Lee, on the other hand, has looked to the documentary film to reinvent and reinvigorate himself. First with his documentary, Four Little Girls, and more recently with Get on the Bus, Spike Lee has turned to critical moments in African-American history to expand upon his creative mandate—to be as much an educator as an entertainer in his films. 

Other filmmakers shift genres for renewal, still others shift roles—to that of producer, in the case of Jonathan Demme—all in pursuit of the notion of reinvention. No group has sought reinvention more vigorously than actors, a number of whom have successfully turned to directing. 

Following this principle, the music video has influenced commercials and the feature film. The commercial has influenced the action-adventure film, and the TV situation comedy has become a standard in the feature film, both in the action-adventure genre and in the romantic comedy feature film. Even the police story has dipped into the TV sitcom genre. My point here is to note the transmigration of form across genres, across distribution systems. Media presentations have morphed and blurred the lines between media presentation and distribution systems. A lot has changed. This has enormous implications for the short film. 

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The need for renewable technologies creates ample catalytic opportunities. We have seen that the techno-economic scenarios favor different technologies in the course of time. This implies on ongoing need for process innovation, for which catalysis is the chemical back bone. Clearly, progress requires a sustained integrated effort with the many other disciplines that are needed to develop the devices and the required infrastructure. 

Advanced genetic engineering techniques are being used to improve existing renewable feedstocks for the production of industrial bioproducts. In some cases, the feedstock composition is modified to increase the content of a desired component and/or decrease the content of an undesired component, whereas in others, a new metabolic pathway is inserted into the plant genes so that the modified plant produces an entirely new component. These research efforts are recent, and very little, if any, published information is currently available. However, we provide brief descriptions of the research activities to give perspective on the opportunities for new industrial bioproducts that may emerge from feedstock modification. 

Turley, D.B., F.J. Areal and J.E. Copeland, The Opportunities for Use of Esters ofRapeseed Oil as Bio-Renewable Solvents, HGCA Research Review 52, Home-Grown Cereals Authority, London (2004). 

Once a medicine is licenced for sale by one of the above procedures, its future regulatory life remains within that procedure. Licences have to be reviewed every 6 months for the first 2 years, then annually until 5 years, then renewed subsequently at 5-year intervals. The renewal of a licence is primarily the responsibility of the MAH but requires approval from the regulatory authority. This is the opportunity for MAHs to review, especially, the safety aspects to keep the licence in line with current clinical practice. Any major changes to licences must be made by variation of the original licence (safety, efficacy or quality, see below) and supported by data, which for a major indication, can be substantial. 

The most significant developments in metered-dose inhaler technology to occur since the early 1990s have been the introduction of hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) systems as alternatives to chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) systems [174]. This has largely been caused by the link between the use of CFC systems and ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere [152,175]. Albuterol and beclomethasone have been reformulated in HFA products, but as yet the CFC products are still subject to an annually renewable medical exemption. The Food and Drug Administration has recently published its position on alternative propellant formulations, which should initiate the phase-out of CFCs [176]. In the meantime, a number of generic CFC products of albuterol have been manufactured. The opportunity for reformulation of products as they come of patent is likely to increase research and development in this area in the near future. New formulation opportunities will also arise from these developments, including solutions [177], micellar [178,179], and microemulsion [180]. 

Intramuscular injections of antibiotics should be given deep into the muscle and sites should be rotated if more than one injection is prescribed. Stop orders and the need for renewal orders will depend on the healthcare agency policy. However, it is common that antibiotic orders are for 72 hours only until the results of a culture and sensitivity test can be obtained. Antibiotic prescriptions are usually not renewed. This is an effort to limit the opportunity for the microbial to become resistant to the medication. 

Databases are not introduced in the computation program but accompany it in an individual file, which allows changing or amending their content without any damage to the modeling process itself. The reason for this is that not even one of these databases is complete and absolutely reliable. Their content reflects the state of knowledge of their parameters as of the moment of program software development. For this reason critical evaluation of the completeness and databank content reliability is necessary. The user has the opportunity to renew or amend it. 

The complexities of renewable supply chains have been elucidated (38). In particular, pol5miers manufactured from renewable feedstocks will augment various industrial markets, such as plant material used as a renewable ingredient in paint manufacture, partially substituting for crude oil derivative ingredients. Polymer industrial supply chains have been identified and the market opportunity for renewable pol5mers has been estimated. 

At the University of British Columbia Brian James, Bill Cullen, and other members of the faculty, who gave this visiting professor of chemistry the opportunity to renew his knowledge of and enthusiasm for inorganic chemistry ... 

In looking at the life cycle analysis of surfactants based on renewable materials versus petrochemical feedstocks there are pros and cons to each side. Petrochemical processes use more energy but generate less waste whereas agricultural processes generate more waste and gaseous emissions. However, the opportunities for efficiency improvements are greater in the oleochemical and allied industries than in the petrochemical industry [40]. 

The gradual transition towards the biobased economy brings opportunities for developing countries to leapfrog beyond the petroleum era and into a cleaner, greener and more renewable future based on biotechnology knowledge. 

Special attention is given to the integration of biocatalysis with chemocatalysis, i.e., the combined use of enzymatic with homogeneous and/or heterogeneous catalysis in cascade conversions. The complementary strength of these forms of catalysis offers novel opportunities for multi-step conversions in concert for the production of speciality chemicals and food ingredients. In particular, multi-catalytic process options for the conversion of renewable feedstock into chemicals will be discussed on the basis of several carbohydrate cascade processes that are beneficial for the environment. 

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