The lymph nodes

Glutamine— - Macrophages in bronchioles and alveoli, endothelial cells 

Glutamine — Immune cells in lymph nodes and in the gut (individual and clustered lymphocytes and in Beyer s patches, see below) 

A single artery enters the lymph node at the hilum. After branching, the vessels pass through the medulla within the medullary cords and into the inner and outer cortex. The vessels branch into capillaries around the follicles which provide oxygen, fuels and precursor molecules for the proliferating cells. 

Lymphatic fluid enters the node through several afferent lymphatics, percolates through most areas of the node and 

Tonsils are effectively a small group of lymph nodes in the pharynx which opens to the surface, so that microbes entering via inspired air or food can be dealt with at an early stage. 

---

Immune Defense. Figure 2 Cytokines involved in the development of adaptive immune responses in secondary lympoid tissues such as the lymph nodes or spleen. Abbreviations B B-lymphocyte, IFN interferon, Ig immunoglobulin, IL interleukin, NK natural killer cell, TE T-effector (cytotoxic) lymphocyte, TH T-helper lymphocyte... 

Lymphoreticular Effects—Represent morphological effects involving lymphatic tissues such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. 

Routine gross and histopathologic examination of the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen did not reveal any effects of nose-only exposure of rats to concentrahons of endosulfan of up to 2 mg/m for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for a total of 21 out of 29 days (Hoechst 1984c). No studies directly assessing immunologic function were located. 

Also, chronic-duration studies have not generally shown adverse effects on organs of the immune system. Routine gross and histopathologic examination of the lymph nodes and thymus of rats, mice, and dogs exposed to endosulfan for 2 years at doses of up to 2.9 mg/kg/day (Hoechst 1989a), 2.51 mg/kg/day (Hoechst 1988b), and 1 mg/kg/day (EMC 1967), respectively, revealed no adverse effects. However, these studies did not assess immune function directly. 

As was the case with albumin, reports on clinical studies employing gelatin microspheres are limited and confined to Japan. Bleomycin, contained in a microsphere-in-oil formulation, was targeted to the lymph nodes for the treatment of infantile cystic hygroma, a benign tumor (143). Successful treatment was noted in all cases. 

Indirect pathway. Recipient APCs migrate into the graft and phagocytize alloantigens. The donor MHC molecules then are expressed on the cell surfaces of the recipient s APCs and presented to recipient T cells in the lymph nodes. 

Lymphangitis is characterized by red linear streaks that extend from the infection site toward the regional lymph nodes.5,7 The lymph nodes become tender and swollen. If left unchecked, lymphangitis may lead to a complicating bacteremia. 

HIV is relatively effective, but it is unable to completely clear the infection, and the patient enters a latent, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic stage lasting 5 to 15 years. During this time, a high rate of viral replication can be seen in the lymph nodes. Eventually immune deficiency occurs when the body is no longer able to replenish helper T cells at a rate equal to that at which HIV is destroying them. 

Right axillary lymph node Metastatic adenocarcinoma the cytomorphology of the malignant cells in the lymph node aspiration is similar to that seen in the breast aspiration material. 

Characterization of the morphology of the lymphocytes, the reactivity of the other cells in the lymph node, and the lymph node architecture is essential in obtaining a diagnosis and predicting disease course. The nodal presentation of NHL is divided into two main categories follicular, corresponding with... 

Long-term follow-up monitors patients for continued disease remission or relapse with careful physical examination of the lymph nodes and sites of prior disease involvement and imaging studies. Patients will have routine chest x-rays and CT scans administered to screen for recurrence of disease. Patients require long-term monitoring for toxicities of their primary treatment, either chemotherapy or radiation therapy. 

For patients with melanomas that are at risk of spreading to the lymph nodes, a sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is performed. The SLN, the first lymph node to receive lymph draining from the tumor, is identified by injecting a radioactive material, technetium-99m-labeled radiocolloids, and vital... 

In patients with SCC, metastatic spread to the lymph nodes occurs in less than 5%.32 The lymph nodes of the head and neck are the most common sites of metastasis. Patients are still curable with this stage of the disease, but they are at high risk of experiencing regional relapse and distant metastasis to the bones and lungs. As may be expected, survival is decreased compared with patients who do not present with nodal involvement. Factors that may be useful in... 

Lymphadenitis Inflammation of the lymph nodes, which become swollen, painful, and tender. 

If particles reach and become deposited in the alveoli, they tend to stay imbedded in the fluid on the alveolar surface or move into the lymph nodes. The one mechanism by which particles are physically resuspended and removed from the AI region is coughing. For modeling purposes, the AI region is divided into three subcompartments to represent different clearance rates, all of which are slow. 

The half-life of liposomes administered in the blood stream is affected by the composition, size, charge, and fluidity. Liposomes with a small size or with a rigid lipid bilayer have a longer half-life (38 9). Large liposomes administered iv tend to accumulate at a lymph node near the injected site. This tendency can be useful for preventing metastases. Liposomes which pass through the lymph node have a tendency to accumulate in the RES, such as the liver and spleen (40,41). The disposition of liposomes is altered by the dose of liposomes as well as size or lipid composition of liposomes. Cholesterol rich liposomes are cleared slower due to... 

Irrespective of size, liposomes, when injected in-traperitoneally, partially accumulate in the liver and spleen. It has been suggested that transport of liposomes from the peritoneal cavity to the systemic circulation, and eventually to tissues, occurs by lymphatic pathways. Local injection of larger liposomes leads to quantitative accumulation at the site of injection. The slow disintegration of the carrier than releases the drug, which diffuses into the blood circulation. Smaller liposomes, on the other hand, enter the lymph nodes and blood circulation and eventually accumulate in the liver and spleen. 

The CB2 receptor has a more limited distribution, being localized predominantly in the immune system. Among the human leukocytes, B lymphocytes express the highest levels of CB2, followed respectively by natural killer cells, monocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, T8 lymphocytes, and T4 lymphocytes. It is also found in the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and thymus (Cabral, 1999). 

Banks, PM. Technical aspects of specimen preparation and special studies. In Surgical Pathology of the Lymph Nodes and Related Organs, ed. ES Jaffe, pp. 1-21. Philadelphia W. B. Saunders, 1985. 

As stated, DC-SIGN is a key mannoside receptor for exogenous pathogens that is used by viruses for entry into the lymph nodes. The inhibition of this process has thus been sought as an interesting strategy for blocking viral adhesion. Consequently, a series of mannosylated Boltom dendrimers was prepared (see later section) that were rather efficient in this respect. 

Fig. 17. Biological model recommended for describing the uptake and retention of cerium by humans after inhalation or ingestion. Numbers in parentheses give the fractions of the material in the originating compartments which are cleared to the indicated sites of deposition. Clearance from the pulmonary region results from competition between mechanical clearances to the lymph nodes and gastrointestinal tract and absorption of soluble material into the systemic circulation. The fractions included in parentheses by the pulmonary compartment indicate the distribution of material subject to the two clearance rates however, these amounts will not be cleared in this manner if the material is previously absorbed into blood. Transfer rate constants or functions, S(t), are given in fractions per unit time. Dashed lines indicate clearance pathways which exist but occur at such slow rates as to be considered insignificant compared to radioactive decay of the cerium isotopes.

---