Imaging studies

Jeong E K, Aitobeiii S A and Fukushima E 1994 NMR imaging studies of stratified flows in a horizontai rotating oyiinder Rhys. Fluids 6 2901-6... 

Several hydrophilic, anionic technetium complexes can be used to perform imaging studies of the kidneys. Tc-Mertiatide (Fig. 5a) is rapidly excreted by active tubular secretion, the rate of which is a measure of kidney function. Tc-succimer (Fig. 5b), on the other hand, accumulates in kidney tissue thus providing an image of kidney morphology. 

Health-care decision models and uncontrolled mirror-image studies provide little in the way of meaningful results to inform clinicians and healthcare managers. This chapter focuses instead on the results of the more robust controlled mirror-image studies and prospective randomized, controlled trials. 

Controlled mirror-image studies of clozapine (Table 2.2) show primarily that all interventions evaluated seem to reduce healthcare costs by reducing hospitalization, but that the effect of clozapine is greater. These results are more compelling than those from the uncontrolled studies, not only because of the inclusion of a contemporary control, but also because these studies tended to be larger and longer. 

Clozapine versus typical antipsychotic drugs uncontrolled mirror-image studies. 

Uncontrolled mirror-image studies (Table 2.4) largely support these findings. Of seven published studies, five suggested that the use of risperidone reduced hospital bed-stay and some calculated savings in health-care expenditure resulting from this. Conversely, Viale et al (1997) calculated that in-patient savings were offset by increases in community services costs, and Hammond et al (1999) estimated a substantial overall cost increase for community patients switched to risperidone for at least 3 months. 

Risperidone versus typicai antipsychotic drugs uncontroiied mirror-image studies. 

CT scanners are now nearly ubiquitous in or near the emergency departments of most North American hospitals. With multislice scanners, a noncontrast CT (NCCT) examination of the brain can be performed in well under 1 minute, with the newest scanners able to scan the head in 10 seconds or less. In most centers, the first (and sometimes only) imaging study undertaken for patients with suspected acute stroke is NCCT. 

Beaulieu C, de Crespigny A, Tong DC, Moseley ME, Alhers GW, Marks MP. Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of perfusion and diffusion in stroke evolution of lesion volume and correlation with clinical outcome. Arm Neurol 1999 46 568-578. 

Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Study on Living Cells with Particular Regard to Electric Field Effects and pH Dependence 607... 

D. Barraclough, The direct or MIT route for nitrogen immobilization a N mirror image study with leucine and glycine. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29 101 (1997). 

S. Sheppard, M. D. Mantle, A. J. Seder-man, M. L. Johns, L. F. Gladden 2003, (Magnetic resonance imaging study of complex fluid flow in porous media flow patterns and quantitative saturation profiling of amphiphilic fracturing fluid displacement in sandstone cores), Magn. Reson. Imag. 21, 365. 

E. K. Jeong, S.A. Altobelli, E. Fukushima 1994, (NMR imaging studies of stratified flows in a horizontal rotating cylinder), Phys. Fluids 6, 2901. 

We would like to thank Peter Blunder and Simone Laukemper-Ostendorf who initially established the collaboration between the company Membrana and the RWTH. They started NMR flow imaging studies to characterize filtration in hemodialyzer modules, and Volker Gobbels measured the first 2D VEXSY data of counterflow in such applications. All experimental work has been accomplished in the Magnetic Resonance Center (MARC) directed by Bernhard Bliimich, whose support and leadership is greatly acknowledged. 

Studies of this reaction have recently been extended to acquisition of a 3(4)D CSI dataset, shown in Figure 5.5.12 the grey scale indicates the extent of conversion. As expected from the 1(2)D CSI and volume selective imaging studies discussed earlier, conversion is seen to be heterogeneous within transverse sections through the bed at any position along the direction of superficial flow. 

Other markers for structural kidney damage that can be used in place of proteinuria include abnormalities in urinary sediment, such as hematuria, or abnormalities in imaging studies or kidney biopsy.1... 

The diagnosis of bipolar disorder is made based on clinical presentation, a careful diagnostic interview, and review of the history. There are no laboratory examinations, brain imaging studies, or other procedures that confirm the diagnosis. 

Imaging studies may be used to distinguish between pituitary,... 

Imaging studies also may help to identify anatomic localization of the infection. These studies usually are performed in conjunction with other tests to establish or rule out the presence of an infection. X-rays are performed commonly to establish the diagnosis of pneumonia, as well as the severity of disease (single versus multilobe involvement). CT scans are a type of x-ray that produces a three-dimensional image of the combination of soft tissue, bone, and blood vessels. In contrast, MRI use electromagnetic radio waves to produce two- or three-dimensional images of soft tissue and blood vessels with... 

Imaging studies may identify abscess formation, gas in the soft tissues, or osteomyelitis. 

Deep tissue specimens obtained during surgical irrigation and debridement should be sent for Gram stain, culture, and sensitivity.3 Imaging Studies... 

MRI and CT scans may reveal fluid and gas along fascial planes. Typically, imaging studies are avoided when making a diagnosis... 

Imaging studies, such as x-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can identify osteomyelitis. Blood cultures should be obtained from all patients with signs and symptoms of systemic illness. Deep tissue cultures may help to direct therapy. Bone also maybe sent for culture in cases of osteomyelitis. Superficial cultures are unreliable and should be avoided. 

Imaging studies, such as CT, MRI, or bone scan, can be used to detect osteomyelitis and to determine the depth and extent of tissue destruction. 

Efficacy Monitor CT scans or other imaging studies, and categorize patient with a complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), or progressive disease. 

Clinically apparent is defined as detected by imaging studies (excluding lymphoscintigraphy) or by clinical examination. 

Adjuvant chemotherapy is administered after tumor resection to decrease relapse rates and improve survival in patients with colon cancer by eliminating micrometastatic disease that is undetected on imaging studies. Patients diagnosed with stage I colon or rectal cancer usually are cured by surgical resection, and adjuvant chemotherapy is not indicated in these patients.16 The role of adjuvant... 

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