Textile Modification

Nanotechnology holds great potential in the textile and clothing industry offering enhanced performance of textile manufacturing machines 

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It was previously mentioned was that a large number of minor copolymers of PET have been developed over the past 50 years, with the intent of modifying textile fiber properties and processability [2, 3], Of broader interest is that some of these textile modifications, such as PET copolymers with metal salts of 5-sulfoisophthalic acid (SIPA), have their own rich chemistries when the extent of polymer modification is increased beyond textile levels. An example of such a modification is that changing the counterions associated with SIPA can significantly effect the kinetics of polyester transesterification reactions (the... 

In recent years biodegradable polymers have widely attracted considerable attention as an eco-friendly alternative for the currently used hazardous textile chemicals and auxiliaries for textile modification and functionalization [10,18, 37, 72,132]. As a consequence of their unique properties such as abundance, renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and environment friendliness (thereby leading to economic, environmental, and social positive impacts), a vast number of biodegradable polymers have... 

Gorjanc, M., Gorensek, M., Jovancic, P., and Mozetic, M. (2013). Multifunctional textiles Modification by plasma, dyeing and nanoparticles, in Rco-Friendlv Textile Dvp.ina and Finishing. (Gunay, M., ed.). Chapter 1, InTech, Croatia, pp. 1-31. 

Polyester fibers are the most universal chemical fibers, since they are most readily adaptable to changing fashions and applications by means of chemical, physical, and textile modifications (Table 31), which also explains their high production volumes. Filaments of polyester fiber are silk-like. Most polyesters, however, are used as cotton-like or wool-Uke staple fibers [81]. 

LbL deposition is a process that could be used to potentially develop functional textiles for protective clothing and selective filtration applications. Using nanolayer films as a method of textile modification will allow increases in the functionality of a variety of textile products. It is also possible that ESA could be easily integrated into existing textile manufacturing processes. 

Other Applications. Polyacrylamides are used in many additional appUcations including soil modification (138), dust control (139,140), humidity control (141), protein purification (142), removal of barium from wastewater (143), and removal of arsenic from hydrocarbons (144). Polyacrylamides have been used for many years in sugar manufacture and textile treatment. 

Textile dyes were, until the nineteenth century invention of aniline dyes, derived from biological sources plants or animals, eg, insects or, as in the case of the highly prized classical dyestuff Tyrian purple, a shellfish. Some of these natural dyes are so-caUed vat dyes, eg, indigo and Tyrian purple, in which a chemical modification after binding to the fiber results in the intended color. Some others are direct dyes, eg, walnut sheU and safflower, that can be apphed directly to the fiber. The majority, however, are mordant dyes a metal salt precipitated onto the fiber facUitates the binding of the dyestuff Aluminum, iron, and tin salts ate the most common historical mordants. The color of the dyed textile depends on the mordant used for example, cochineal is crimson when mordanted with aluminum, purple with iron, and scarlet with tin (see Dyes AND DYE INTERMEDIATES). 

Phosphonium Salt—Urea Precondensate. A combination approach for producing flame-retardant cotton-synthetic blends has been developed based on the use of a phosphonium salt—urea precondensate (145). The precondensate is appUed to the blend fabric from aqueous solution. The fabric is dried, cured with ammonia gas, and then oxidized. This forms a flame-resistant polymer on and in the cotton fibers of the component. The synthetic component is then treated with either a cycUc phosphonate ester such as Antiblaze 19/ 19T, or hexabromocyclododecane. The result is a blended textile with good flame resistance. Another patent has appeared in which various modifications of the original process have been claimed (146). Although a few finishers have begun to use this process on blended textiles, it is too early to judge its impact on the industry. 

Textile finishing includes various efforts to improve the properties of textile fabrics, whether for apparel, home, or other end uses. In particular, these processes are directed toward modifying either the fiber characteristics themselves or the gross textile end properties. Such modifications may be chemical or mechanical in nature. One modification that is not covered in this article relates to the dyeing of textiles and the dyestuffs employed for fibers however, areas that involve chemical finishing designed to modify the normal dye receptivity and the growing use of enzyme treatments are included. 

An older method of cellulose fiber modification is mercerization [22,33-36], which has been widely used on cotton textiles. Mercerization is an alkali treatment of cellulose fibers. It depends on the type and concentration of the alkalic solution, its temperature, time of treatment, tension of the material, and the additives used [33,36]. At present there is a tendency to use mercerization for natural fibers as well. Optimal conditions of mercerization ensure the improvement of the tensile properties [33-35,37] and absorption characteristics [33-35], which are important in the composing process. 

Kouznetsov, D. A., A. A. Ivanov, and P. R. Veletsky (1996), Analysis of cellulose chemical modification A potentially promising technique for characterizing cellulose archaeological textiles, /. Archaeol. Sci. 23, 23-34,109-121. 

This second volume of the book collects together a remarkable quantity and variety of factual information linking the application properties of auxiliary products in textile coloration and related processes to as much as is known of the chemical structure of these agents. The environmental impact of auxiliary products has become of major importance and developments during the 1990s have necessitated substantial modification and expansion of the text of this volume. The opportunity has also been taken to highlight novel chemical types of auxiliaries that are under evaluation to overcome or avoid many of the drawbacks shown by traditional products. Thus the two volumes of this Second Edition are now approximately equal in size, whereas in the 1990 edition Volume 2 was only about half as big as its sibling. 

Recently, nitrilases have been applied to polymer modification, specifically to the modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Nearly 3 x 106 tons of PAN are produced per annum and used in the textile industry. However, there is a great need to improve moisture uptake, dyeability with ionic dyes, and feel of this acrylic fiber. The cyano moieties of PAN have been successfully modified to carboxylates with the commercial Cyanovacta nitrilase, thus enhancing the aforementioned properties of PAN [98]. Nitrilase action on the acrylic fabric was improved... 

Coatings and Surface Modifications. Probably the one application of photopolymer chemistry that has the most worldwide commercial value in terms of product sales is the use of photopolymer materials for curable coatings. Most of the wood paneling and less expensive furniture manufactured today utilize UV or electron-beam curable materials for decorative finishes (e.g. simulation of wood grain) and protective coatings. In addition, the surfaces of many commercially important materials (e.g. textile fibers and polyester films) are being modified by photopolymer processes. 

Surface Modifications. Basic photopolymer chemistry is also being used for the surface modification of films, textiles fibers, and many other organic-based materials (104). Some of the novel applications of photopolymer technology to surface modification include the design of cell repellent treatments and in photografting of various chemical functionality onto the surface of materials to improve color retention, enhance the adhesion of antistatic chemicals or to improve staining resistance. 

Cellular response, suture material biocompatibility and, 24 216 Cellulases, 5 361-362 70 282-284 benefits of, 70 283 as bleaching agents, 4 64 cotton modification, 8 30 textile industry, 70 302 Cellulon, 5 363-364... 

The new Colour Index volume Pigments and Solvent Dyes lists some 350 solvent dyes and gives their chemical structures, unlike earlier editions which named 800 dyes but included few structures. This fall in numbers is not because of any decreased use but rather the general contraction in numbers of all dyes used in the textile industry. Solvent dyes have been introduced not by attempts to synthesise new colorants but by selection and in some cases modification of known disperse dyes to meet the technical requirements. The majority of solvent dyes are azo compounds but among the blue dyes there are anthraquinones. The aqueous solubility of some of the parent sulphonated dyes has been reduced to acceptable levels by formation of their salts with heavy metals or long-chain alkylamines. 

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