Organic-based materials

Metal- Working and Hydraulic Fluids. In the preparation of fluids for metal-working and hydrauflcs, the trend has been to replace organic-based materials with aqueous-based materials. Neodecanoic acid has found apphcation in these newer fluids as a corrosion inhibitor and a viscosity improver. For example, neodecanoic acid is used in an aqueous hydrauflc fluid concentrate for corrosion inhibition and improved antiwear properties (101), in the preparation of a thickened aqueous hydrauflc fluid to reduce viscosity loss (102), and in a water-soluble metal working oil to reduce corrosion (103). In a similar vein, neodecanoic acid has been used in antifreeze concentrates for corrosion inhibition (104). 

Ethanol s many uses can be conveniently divided into solvent and chemical uses. As a solvent, ethanol dissolves many organic-based materials such as fats, oils, and hydrocarbons. As a chemical intermediate, ethanol is a precursor for acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and diethyl ether, and it is used in the manufacture of glycol ethyl ethers, ethylamines, and many ethyl esters. 

Surface Modifications. Basic photopolymer chemistry is also being used for the surface modification of films, textiles fibers, and many other organic-based materials (104). Some of the novel applications of photopolymer technology to surface modification include the design of cell repellent treatments and in photografting of various chemical functionality onto the surface of materials to improve color retention, enhance the adhesion of antistatic chemicals or to improve staining resistance. 

Essentially, the OIT value quantitatively describes a lifetime of a composite (or actually any organic-based) material during its accelerated oxidation in pure oxygen at an elevated temperature, such as 190°G. For example, for unstabilized (without added antioxidants) WPG materials the OIT can be as low as 0.3-0.5 min. The lifetime of such WPG boards in the South (Arizona, Texas, Florida) can be as low as only several months. The lifetime in this context is a time period by the end of which the consumer can see there is something wrong with the deck and calls for help. In real terms, the deck owner contacts with the manufacturer and tiles a warranty claim. 

The successes of conducting polymers are considerable, and more are certain to come. After decades of intense research, both theoretical and experimental, organic-based materials that are electrically conductive, a property usually associated with metals, have been prepared and are now articles of commerce. Can magnetism, another property not normally associated with organics, be coaxed onto an organic scaffold ... 

When the catalyst is made from a carbonaceous material, the porous structure is the result of the pyrolysis process. As the organic base material is decomposed, it becomes weaker, so that the evolving gas creates small bubbles and cavities. The spongy structure solidifies as the carbonification proceeds, so that finally a very porous solid structure remains. An analysis of the pore sizes will show a wide pore size distribution, which is in fact very useful. Larger channels ( main streets ) facilitate a rapid access to the internals of the carbon particle. The smallest pores ( shopping streets ) have a very large active surface area. 

As mentioned previously, epoxy polymers possess low flaw tolerance. Typically the fracture toughness values are below 1 MPa m or, in terms of fracture energy, below 200 J/m. These values are extremely low when one compares them with a ductile thermoplastic polymer such as polycarbonate, which has a Kic = 2.4 MPa m and a Gjc = 2400J/m. However, there are organic based materials that can be added to epoxy polymers that increase their fracture toughness such that it even exceeds the fracture toughness of common thermoplastic resins ... 

Although this possibility has only been demonstrated on relatively soft materials, i.e. organic-based materials, this has opened np an area not previonsly accessible. Both depth resolution and spatial resolntion are, however, poorer than in the traditional form of Dynamic SIMS. This can, in part, be attribnted to the mnch poorer detection limits observed and the fact that there is room for development in this area. Indeed, there may be possibilities in the area of matrix-assisted secondary ion yield enhancements, as demonstrated in the closely associated analytical technique of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/lonization (MALDl) (this technique is introduced Appendix A.10.3.2). 

The higher processing temperatures required of lead-free alloys are incompatible with most organic-base materials utilized in microelectronic assemblies including laminate components and PWBs. FR-4 has been the laminate of choice for years, whose Tg is around 140°C. There are higher temperature-resistant laminates available, but at a higher cost. 

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