Textile biosensors

Pulse oximetry can be integrated into wearable sfructure with woven or embroidered POF textile structures such as a glove or patch for a LED/photodiode sensor together with microcontroller connection. The blood oxygen saturafion (Sa02) data can be interfaced to the WBSN and transferred to the data sink in medical offices for further interpretation and timely intervention. Textile biosensors considered above for WBSN based on E-Tex are summarized in Table 9.2. These textile sensors are flexible and provide good connectivity for integration of E-Tex and body sensor networks. 

Table 9.2 Flexible textile biosensors for WBSN application...

A derived combined approach uses an amperometric biosensor [57] with a whole-cell (E. coli) sensing part, for industrial application (textile and tannery wastewaters) and detection of phenolic compounds, non-ionic surfactants and benzenesulphonate compounds. As in the previous studies, chemical analysis (SSPE followed by LC-MS) revealed the pollutants responsible for the observed toxicity. 

Immobilized catalases, for textile bleaching effluent treatment, 4 68—69 Immobilized cells, 3 670 Immobilized enzyme biosensors,... 

Numerous proposals of other applications are scattered throughout this book. To name but a few, CyD-based optical sensors, nanowires, and biosensors are presented in Sections 10.3 and 10.6 and in Table 14.3, respectively. In this chapter a few applications in food and drinks, in cosmetics and toiletry, in the textile and wrapping industries, and in agrochemistry are shown, while the applications of rotaxanes (discussed in Chapter 12) in molecular devices are briefly discussed at the end. 

Yang, Y.L., Chuang, M.C., Lou, S.L., Wang, J., 2010. Thick-film textile-based amperometric sensors and biosensors. Analyst 135 (6), 1230—1234. 

Pacelli, M., Loriga, G., Taccini, N., Paradiso, R., 2006. Sensing fabrics for monitoring physiological and biomechanical variables E-textile solutions. In Proceedings of the 3rd lEEE-EMBS International Summer School and Symposium on Medical Devices and Biosensors, 4—6th September, Boston, USA. 

Potential applications for shape memory PU exist in almost every area of daily life from self-repairing auto bodies to kitchen utensils, from switches to sensors, from intelligent packing to tools [98]. Other potential applications are drug delivery [99], biosensors, biomedical devices [100,101], microsystem components [102], and smart textiles [103]. Because PU can be made biodegradable, they can be used as shortterm implants so removal by surgery can be avoided. Some important applications are discussed next. 

Y.-T. Zhang, C. C. Poon, C.-H. Chan et al., "A health-shirt using e-textile materials for the continuous and cuffless monitoring of arterial blood pressure," 3rd lEEE/EMBS International Summer School on Medical Devices and Biosensors, 2006, pp. 86-89. 

Besides those sensors, there are other sensors, such as pressure sensors, biosensors, gas sensors, and humidity sensor devices. These sensors can also be integrated into textiles. 

The health care industry is capitalizing on new medical technologies based on loT that will both dramatically improve care and lower costs. There is a dramatic growth in medical devices that use wireless technologies, some implanted and some worn on the body, to control bodily functions and to measure an array of physiological parameters. For example, implanted devices with biosensors and actuators can control heart rhythms, monitor hypertension, provide functional electrical stimulation of nerves, operate as glaucoma sensors, and monitor bladder and cranial pressure [3]. Electronic textiles (E-Tex)-based WBSNs for noninvasive health care monitoring will be the most... 

The textile-based wearable body sensor network will significantly advance understanding in the emerging fields of biosensor design, BSN, and biomedical computing,... 

In chapter 1, some new aspects of ozone and its reactions on diene mb-bers are presented. The importance of nanocomposites in today s modem science is highlighted in chapter 2, in which different types of polymer nanocomposites stmctures are studied in detail. The simulation of nanoelements formation and interaction is explained in chapter 3. Chapter 4 is divided into three sections to introduce new points of views on advanced pol5uners. The stabilization process of PAN nanofibers is studied in detail in chapter 5. In chapter 6, carbon nanotubes stmcture in pol5nner nanocomposites is updated for our readers. Exploring the potential of oilseeds as a sustainable source of oil and protein for aquaculture feed is presented in chapter 7. Microbial biosensors are introduced in chapter 8. New development of solar cloth by electrospinning technique is well defined in chapter 9. Applications of metal-organic frameworks in textiles are described in chapter 10 and chapter 11 and are divided into 3 sections in present important topics related to the book s objectives. 

Figure 6.3 Screen-printed electrodes for textile incorporation, (a) Multiple layer construction of screen-printed electrodes, (b) A prototype of amperometric sensors with carbon-based ink printed on the elastic waist of underwear (Yang, Y.L., Chuang, M.C., Lou, S.L., Wang, J., 2010. Thick-film textile-based amperometric sensors and biosensors. Analyst 135, 1230-1234).

Figure 6.5 Incorporation of conductive wires into textiles for wearable biosensors (http //dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005135763). (a) PETEX hybrid fabric, (b) Electrical circuits based on PETEX fabric, (c) The establishment of connection between crossing wires involves three steps, coating removal and wire cut, applying of conductive adhesive, and epoxy resin...

HH Kuhn, AD Child. Electrically conducting textiles. In TA Skotheim et al., eds. Handbook of Conducting Polymers. New York Marcel Dekker, 1998 993-1003. CG Koopal, B Eijsma, RJ Nolle. Chronoamperometric detection of glucose by a 3rd-generation biosensor constructed from conducting microtubules of polyp5urole. Synth Met 1993 57 3689-3695. 

The effect of nonionic surfactants in textile and tannery wastewater on the bacterium Escherichia coli, immobilized in an Anopore membrane on the surface of a screen printed carbon electrode, was smdied. The amperometric response of the sensor was monitored at +550 mV versus a chloridized silver wire electrode in a vial with the neutralized sample and ferricyanide as a redox mediator. Toxicity was measured by determining the degree of inhibition of the biosensor signal after an exposure of 35 min. The observed toxicity of wastewater samples was attributed to nonionic surfactants. 

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