Testing requirements

The hydrostatic test pressure is 1.25 times the design pressure corrected for temperature, rather than the usual 1.5. Division 2 establishes upper limits for the test pressure relative to the yield strength at test temperature. The pneumatic test pressure is 1.15 times the design pressure corrected for temperature rather than 1.25 required by Division 1. Division 2 has no provision for proof tests to establish the maximum allowable working pressure. But Appendix 6, Experimental Stress Analysis, provides for the determination of the critical or governing stresses for unusual geometries for which theoretical stress analysis is inadequate. 

The Division 2 code implied from the beginning that the safety factor was being lowered from 4 1, as required by the ASME Section VIII, Division 1 code, to the 3 1 permitted by the Division 2 code. At first it seems that a vessel built to the Division 2 code will be less expensive than a Division 1 code vessel. This conclusion is correct if only the materials and welding used in the manufacture of any such vessel are considered. 

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Rockwell. The invention of the Rockwed hardness tester in 1919 was an advance over previous indentation tests requiring accurate indentation measurement and tabular reduction to derive a hardness number. In the Rockwed test the hardness number is read direcdy from the instmment dial (1,3). 

The standard Rockwell test requires a relatively smooth surface (120 grit or better) for reproducibiUty. Superficial Rockwell test samples must be ground to 600 grit or better for accuracy and reproducibiUty. 

Subsequent to processing, an inspection is made for incomplete bonding, inside dirt, and glass quaUty. In the case of windshields, rigid optical standards must be met, and these must be evaluated for the completed windshield. Extensive test requirements are described in the appropriate codes (11,12,15,18—24), and they include light stabiUty, resistance to optical distortion, humidity, boil test, abrasion resistance, and assorted impact tests. 

There are several conventional tests required by consumers of ground mica. 

Creep, creep mpture, and stress relaxation tests are multiple-point tests requiring long periods of time (1000 h min) to generate useflil data these are standard tests for determining more fundamental polymer properties (202,203). Data for these tests are generated under several... 

Classification Type pce Panel spalling loss, max. Cold modulus of Other test requirements... 

Specifications. Table 10 shows the tests required to satisfy the demands of the Pharmacopeias of the United States, Europe, and Japan... 

Yarn grade is assessed using ASTM D2255, which is a subjective test requiring the evaluation of yam wound on a board. More recendy a method has been introduced to assign a yam grade quantitatively (115). 

Water resistance test methods include AATCC 127 (hydrostatic pressure test), AATCC 42 (impact penetration test), and AATCC 35 (rain test). In the hydrostatic pressure test, a sample is subjected to a column of increasing water pressure until leakage occurs. The impact penetration test requires water to be sprayed on the taut surface of a fabric sample from a height of two feet. The fabric is backed by a blotter of predeterrnined weight, which is reweighed after water penetration. The rain test is similar in principle to the impact penetration test. 

Implementation Issues A critical factor in the successful application of any model-based technique is the availability of a suitaole dynamic model. In typical MPC applications, an empirical model is identified from data acquired during extensive plant tests. The experiments generally consist of a series of bump tests in the manipulated variables. Typically, the manipulated variables are adjusted one at a time and the plant tests require a period of one to three weeks. The step or impulse response coefficients are then calculated using linear-regression techniques such as least-sqiiares methods. However, details concerning the procedures utihzed in the plant tests and subsequent model identification are considered to be proprietary information. The scaling and conditioning of plant data for use in model identification and control calculations can be key factors in the success of the apphcation. 

The minimum temperahire shown is tliat design minimum temperature for which the material is normally suitable without impact testing otlier tlian that required by the material specification. However, the use of a material at a design minimum temperature below -29 C (-20 F) is established by rides elsewhere in the code, including any necessary impact-test requirements. 

NOTE These toughness-test requirements are in addition to tests required hy the material specification. 

Part AT This part contains testing requirements and procedures. 

Arrester Testing and Standards Regulatory and approval agencies and insurers impose acceptance testing requirements, sometimes as part of certification standards. The user may also request testing to demonstrate specific performance needs, just as the manufacturer can help develop standards. These interrelationships have resulted in several new and updated performance test procedures. Listing of an arrester by a testing laboratoiy refers only to performance under a defined set of test conditions. The flame arrester user should develop specific application requirements based on the service involved and the safety and risk criteria adopted. 

When testing to estabhsh the thermodynamic performance of a steam turbine, the ASME Performance Test Code 6 should be followed as closely as possible. The effec t of deviations from code procedure should be carefully evaluated. The flow measurement is particularly critical, and Performance Test Code 19 gives details of flow nozzles and orifices. The test requirements should be carefully studied when the piping is designed to ensure that a meaningful test can be conducted. 

The review should emphasize developing an understanding of the processing sequence, the equipment, the equipment plot, the operating conditions, instrument and sample locations, the control decisions, and the operators perspectives. Wmle the preparation effort may be less for those who have been responsible for the unit for a long period of time, the purpose of the test requires that the types and locations of the measurements be different from those typically recorded and typically used. The condition of these locations must be inspected. Operating specifications may be different. Therefore, refreshment is always necessaiy... 

Intent Plant personnel, supplies, and budget are reqiiired to successfully complete a unit test. Piping modifications, sample collection, altered operating conditions, and operation during the test require advance planning and scheduling. Analysts must ensure that these are accomplished prior to the actual test. Some or all of the following may be necessary for a successful unit test. 

Motivation Unit tests require a substantial investment in time and resources to complete successfully. This is the case whether the test is a straightforward analysis of pump performance or a complex analysis of an integrated reactor and separation train. The uncertainties in the measurements, the likelihood that different underlying problems lead to the same symptoms, and the multiple interpretations of unit performance are barriers against accurate understanding of the unit operation. The goal of any unit test should be to maximize the success (i.e., to describe accurately unit performance) while minimizing the resources necessary to arrive at the description and the subsequent recommendations. The number of measurements and the number of trials should be selected so that they are minimized. 

This section covers only the tests that are essential on a completed motor, irrespective of the manufacturing procedure and stage quality checks. If ISO 9000 guidelines are assimilated, practised and enforced by a manufacturer so that a customer s trust is obtained, a final pre-despatch inspection by the customer may not be necessary. The customer, having gained confidence in the practices and Quality Assurance Systems of the manufacturer, may issue an authorization to the manufacturer to despatch the material under their own inspection certificate, rather than an inspection by the customer. We discuss below the test requirements procedure and the acceptance norms prescribed by various national and international standards for such machines and adopted by various manufacturers. 

The impulse test is basically an in-house coil insulation withstand test for surge voltages and forms a part of the test requirement for HT machines with resin-rich formed coils of 2.4 kV and above. Once the machine is assembled, such a test is unnecessary, as it may not be able to reveal deficiencies, if any, in the insulation of the coils deep inside the slots. Moreover, if a failure is noticed on the assembled machine, there is no option but to scrap the whole winding. 

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