Steel tank

Maturation regimes vary from as tittle change as possible in many white and pink wines (stainless steel tanks, cool storage, minimum time) to considerable modification in red table and a few white table wines. Fermentation and storage in fairly new 200-L barrels for about 6 mo is not uncommon for Chardoimay and white Burgundy wines. Many robust red table wines such as those from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes are often stored similarly, after fermentation and initial clarification, for up to about 3 yr in such barrels. 

Shipment, Stora.ge, ndPrice. Butenediol is available in unlined steel tank cars, tank trailers, and various sized dmms. Because of its relatively high freezing point, tank cars are fitted with heating coils. The 1991 U.S. bulk price of technical grade butenediol was about 5.36 /kg. 

Shipment, Stora.ge, ndPrice. Butyrolactone is shipped in unlined steel tank cars and plain steel dmms. Plain steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and nickel are suitable for storage and handling mbber, phenoHcs, and epoxy resins are not suitable. Butyrolactone is hygroscopic and should be protected from moisture. Because of its low free2ing point (—44° C), no provision for heating storage vessels is needed. 

Storage. For receiving glycerol from standard 30.3-m (8000-gal) tank cars (36.3-t), a storage tank of 38—45-m ((10-12) x 10 — gal) capacity should be employed. Preferably it should be of stainless steel (304 or 316), of stainless- or nickel-clad steel, or of aluminum. Certain resin linings such as Lithcote have also been used. Glycerol does not seriously corrode steel tanks at room temperature but gradually absorbed moisture may have an effect. Therefore, tanks should be sealed with an air-breather trap. 

MAA and EAA are stable Hquids, and are shipped in nonretumable 208-L (55-gal) polyethylene-lined dmms. For bulk shipments, insulated stainless steel tank containers and tmcks provide secure protection. 2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate is a Hquid stabili2ed with radical inhibitors such as BHT [128-37-0] and has a shelf life of approximately three months. Shipment is in 60- or 208-L polyethylene-lined dmms. Acetoacetaryhdes are nicely crystalline, stable soHds and are shipped in 208-L dmms with polyethylene liners. 

In the United States, Hquid HLW from the reprocessing of defense program fuels was concentrated, neutralized with NaOH, and stored in underground, mild steel tanks pending soHdification and geologic disposal (see Tanks AND PRESSURE VESSELS). These wastes are a complex and chemically active slurry. Suspended in the supernatant Hquid are dissolver soHds which never went into solution, insoluble reaction products which formed in the tank, and salts which have exceeded their solubiHty limit. The kinetics of many of the reactions taking place are slow (years) so that the results of characterization... 

By contrast, HLW from LWR fuel reprocessing is stored ia cooled, well-agitated, stainless steel tanks as an acidic nitrate solution having relatively few sohds. Modem PUREX flow sheets minimise the addition of extraneous salts, and as a result the HLW is essentially a fission-product nitrate solution. Dissolver soHds are centrifuged from the feed stream and are stored separately. Thus the HLW has a low risk of compromising tank integrity and has a favorable composition for solidification and disposal (11). 

DOT 17E phenolic-lined steel pails and dmms, respectively. Plain steel is not suitable for isopropyl alcohol containing water because msting can result. Instead, baked phenolic-lined steel tanks are used. Aluminum is also unsuitable. It is attacked by isopropyl alcohol, especially the anhydrous grade, resulting ia the formation of aluminum isopropoxide. Containers must comply with DOT specifications. Tanks, piping, and equipment can be made of similar material. 

Shipment and Storage. 2-Pyrrohdinone is available in steel dmms and in aluminum or stainless-steel tank cars and tank trailers. Because of its high freezing point, bulk shipments are in tanks with heating coils. Heating with hot water rather than steam avoids product discoloration. Steel (qv), stainless steel, and aluminum are satisfactory materials for storage containers. Because 2-pyrrohdinone is hygroscopic, it must be protected from atmospheric moisture. 

An aH-stainless steel tank, Series 302 or 304, is frequendy specified, but composite tanks of stainless and carbon steel have also been used successhiUy. 

Steel tank cats, often lined to minimize iron contamination, are usually employed for high concentrations of sulfuric acid. Bottom outlets or valves are not allowed, nor are internal steam coils. Tank contents must be unloaded via standpipe. Using air pressure to unload is not recommended for safety reasons, but if air pressure is used, gauge pressures should be held at <0.21 MPa (30 psi). 

Crude Tar and Tar Products. Where the tar distillery is sited close to the carboni2ing plant, the cmde tar is transferred directly from the tar—liquor separating vessels on the by-product recovery unit to the storage tanks. Otherwise, it is shipped in rail or road tankers or by barge. Cmde tar is stored in mild-steel tanks maintained at 40—50°C by steam coils. 

Shipment and Storage, Specifications. A/-Vinyl-2-pyrrohdinone is available in tank cars and tank trailers and in dmms of various sizes. Shipping containers are normally steel or stainless steel. Tank cars are provided with heating coils to facihtate unloading in cold weather. Rubber, epoxy, and epoxy—phenohc coatings are attacked and must be avoided. Carbon steel has been successfully used for storage tanks, but stainless steel preserves product quahty better. Aluminum and certain phenohc coatings are also satisfactory. 

Aeration basins can be constmcted as concrete or steel tanks or earthen impoundments, although tanks are more common in the United States now because of ground water problems with leakage from impoundments and stringent regulation of impoundments for the treatment of hazardous waste. 

Molten benzoic acid (industrial or technical) is transported in type 316 stainless steel tank cars, usually 76 m (20,000 gallons) of product, or in - 5, 000 gallon (19 m ) 316 stainless steel tank tmcks. 

The C-4 alcohols are preferably stored ia baked phenolic-lined steel tanks. However, plain steel tanks can also be employed provided a fine porosity filler is iastaHed to remove any contaminating mst (34). 

After being cleaned, ware that is to be pickled is immersed successively in one or more tanks of water at 80—95°C and then transferred to the acid pickling solution. The pickling solution of 6—8% sulfuric acid is contained in a stainless steel tank or, alternatively, a lead-lined wooden tank at 60—65°C. 

American Water Works Association (AWWA) The association has many standards deahng with water handling and storage. A list of its publications is given in the AWWA Handbook (annually). AWWA DlOO, Standard for Steel Tanks—Standpipes, Reservoirs, and Elevated Tanks for Water Storage, contains rules for design and fabrication. 

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