Bulk price

Shipment, Stora.ge, ndPrice. Butenediol is available in unlined steel tank cars, tank trailers, and various sized dmms. Because of its relatively high freezing point, tank cars are fitted with heating coils. The 1991 U.S. bulk price of technical grade butenediol was about 5.36 /kg. 

Economic Aspects. A number of secondary and tertiary acetylenic alcohols and glycols are manufactured by Air Products and Chemicals Co. In 1990, U.S. bulk prices of ethyloctynol, methylbutynol, and tetramethyldecynediol were about 8.35/kg, 3.95/kg, and 8.00/kg, respectively. 

Shipment, Stora.ge, ndPrices. Methyl vinyl ether is available in tank cars or cylinders, while the other vinyl ethers are available in tank cars, tank wagons, or dmms. Mild steel, stainless steel, and phenoHc-coated steel are suitable for shipment and storage. If protected from air, moisture, and acidic contamination, vinyl ethers are stable for years. United States bulk prices in 1991 for methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, and butyl vinyl ether were listed as about 5.78/kg, 6.28/kg, and 6.08/kg, respectively. 

Economic Aspects. The bulk price of 98% Mgl2 in Eebmary 1995 was approximately 2000/kg (113). 

Distribution Channels. Most commodity chemicals ate primarily sold by the producer to a relatively small number of very large users. However, producers of commodity chemicals also utilize disttibutors to teach small volume users. Distributors buy in bulk and repackage or resell in smaller amounts to a broad spectmm of users. Distributors profit by the difference between their bulk cost and their LCL (less-than-cadoad lots) sales plus a commission from the producer, which may be as high as 15% of the bulk price but is mote often 5 to 10%. 

OC-Pinene Manufacture. Industrially, a-pinene produced from the fractionation of sulfate turpentine can be used directly for most of its apphcations. The bulk price of technical-grade a-pinene, min 92%, was 1.32/kg in 1995 (45). The commercial product is shipped in tank cars, tank tmcks, or deck tanks. 

Table 4. Bulk Prices of Pharmaceutical-Grade a-Tocopheryl Acetate, /kg ...

The production and supply of sodium chlorate in Western Europe and Japan are given in Table 8. The bulk price for sodium chlorate in Western ... 

About 80-90% of the elemental P produced is reoxidized to (pure) phosphoric acid (p. 521). The rest is used to make phosphorus oxides (p. 503). sulfides (p. 506), phosphorus chlorides and oxochloride (p. 4%). and organic P compounds. A small amount is convened to red phos rftorus (see below) for use in the striking surface of matches for pyrotechnics and as a flame retarding agent (in polyamides). Bulk price for P4 is S2.00/kg. 

Transmetallation of aiyl halide (VIII) with n-butyl lithium and treating it with readily available and inexpensive 3-ethoxycyclohexen-l-one followed by acid work-up would provide enone (XI) (Scheme 8). Enone (XI) can be then aromatized to phenol (X) or any other biaryl alkyl ether. By using this protocol, 3-ethoxycyclohexen-l-one is a synthon for 3-hydroxyphenyl boronic acid. The bulk price of 3-ethoxycyclohexen-l-one is 85/kg compared to 3500 for the boronic acid, thereby significantly reducing the cost to prepare biaryl (X). 

The ionic liquid investment could be further reduced if future research enables the application of ammonium based alkylsulfate or arylsulfonate ionic liquids. For these systems bulk prices around 15 /kg are expected. Ammonium based alkylsulfate or arylsulfonate ionic liquids usually show melting points slightly above room temperature but clearly below the operating temperature of the hydroformylation reaction. Therefore these systems may be less suitable for the liquid-liquid biphasic process in which the ionic liquid may be involved in process steps at ambient temperature (e.g. phase separation or liquid storage). In contrast, for the SILP catalyst a room temperature ionic liquid is not necessarily required as long as the film becomes a liquid under the reaction conditions. Assuming an ammonium based SILP catalyst, the capital investment for the ionic liquid for the industrial SILP catalyst would add up to 105,000 . 

The Oil Snapper soil remediator is available by the 2-ft (56-liter) bag or may be purchased in bulk on 15-, 25-, or 50-bag pallets. Prices per bag and per pallet are lower when purchasing in bulk. Prices range from 18.00 per bag when purchasing 20 or more 50-bag pallets to 25 per bag when purchased individually. 

Some typical commercial biotechnology products are citric acid, semi-synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins, and vitamin B12. World production volumes and bulk prices show a considerable range of values. Prices tend to be inversely proportional to the amount of product sold, that is, the scale of production, and to the concentration at which it can be produced in the bioreactor. The importance of the concentration at which each product is produced in determining the cost of purification and isolation, and thus the... 

The partial replacement of some of this phenol with lignins has long represented an apparently attractive market opportunity because the phenol used in wood adhesives is worth about 528 MM per year when phenol is 44 cents a pound, which was the August 1987 bulk price of phenol with all allowances taken into account (2). 

These calculations show that if renewable resources such as lignins are to find use as substitutes for phenol in wood adhesives, the cost differential between these materials must be maximized to attract investment capital. Clearly, the pulp lignins already being produced are likely to be the lowest cost renewable resource available for this purpose. Those generated in the kraft process are already recycled for their fuel value in the recovery furnace and are not easily accessible. There is only one U.S. company selling kraft lignin, and its lowest bulk price is 40 cents a pound (3). 

For nonedible uses, fatty acid content, availability, and price play the largest roles in determining which lipid is employed in a particular application. In cases where both animal fats and vegetable oils are able to perform a desired function, animal fats can be attractive raw materials because their bulk prices have historically been... 

For illustration only not actual commercial prices. Contact major manufacturers to obtain current bulk pricing. 

The first prejudice that biocatalysts are too expensive is only partly true. If the cost per mol or per unit weight is calculated they certainly are expensive. For example, penicillin amidase costs 10 000/kg on a bulk scale. On the other hand the cost contribution of penicillin amidase in the splitting of penicillin G is only 1/kg of product11171. In the case of L-aspartic acid production the cost contribution of aspartase is even lower, 0.1 /kg. This demonstrates that it is not the absolute catalyst cost but the cost contribution of the catalyst to the final product cost that has to be considered and compared. This is also true for chemical catalysts e. g., the bulk price of BINAP is 40 000/kg11171. Important parameters influencing the cost contribution are the total turnover number (mol product/mol catalyst) and the turnover frequency (mol product/mol catalyst and unit time). 

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