Tall oil rosin

Tall oil rosin Tall oil rosin pOR) Tall oils Tall oils acids Tall-oil soaps Tallow... 

Production. Rosin is isolated from pine trees, principally from longleaf Pinuspalustris slash Pinus ellioti and lobloUy pine Pinus taeda. The products are known as gum, wood, or tall oil rosin, based on the method of isolation and the source. 

Tall oil rosin is a by-product of paper manufacturing. Raw wood chips are digested under heat and pressure with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. Soluble sodium salts of lignin, rosin, and fatty acids are formed, which are removed from the wood pulp as a dark solution. The soaps of the rosin and fatty acids float to the top of the mixture, where they are skimmed off and treated with sulfuric acid to free the rosin and fatty acids. This mixture, known as cmde tall oil (CTO), is refined further to remove color and odor bodies fractional distillation separates the tall oil rosin acids from the fatty acids (see Tall oil). 

Typical grades of tall oil rosin also contain about 2—5% of acids. 

Tall oil rosin is obtained from crude tall oil obtained from the Kraft (sulphate) pulping of various coniferous trees in the paper manufacturing industry. During the Kraft pulping process the fatty acids and the resin acids from the coniferous wood are saponified by the alkaline medium. On concentration of the resulting pulping liquor, the sodium soap of these mixed acids rises to the surface from where they are skimmed out. By acidification of this material with sulphuric acid, the crude tall oil is obtained. Fractional steam distillation of the crude tall oil allows the separation of the tall oil fatty acids and the tall oil rosins [21]. 

Chemistry of rosin. All three types of rosin consist primarily of C20 mono-carboxylic diterpene resin acids, the most common of which have the molecular formula C20H20O2. In addition, rosins contain small amounts of neutral and other acidic components (e.g. fatty acids in tall oil rosin). The neutral components of rosins are diterpene alcohols, hydrocarbons and aldehydes, and their contents generally vary between 5 and 15 wt%. 

Resin acid Tall oil rosin Wood rosin Gum rosin... 

Odour. This aspect is important in resins derived from natural sources. Rosins based on wood and gum rosin retain trace quantities of terpenes and have a piney odour. Tall oil rosins retain the typical sour odour of the rosin. Odour can be removed by steam sparging under vacuum before or during esterification of rosins. Addition of odour masks can also be done. 

Tackifiers. The tackifiers usually are hydrocarbon resins (aliphatic C5, aromatic C9) or natural resins (polyterpenes, rosin and rosin derivates, tall oil rosin ester). They improve hot tack, wetting characteristics and open time and enhance adhesion. The content on tackifiers in a hot melt can be in the region of 10-25%. 

Examples of the fatty acids are oleic (c -9-octadecenoic) and linoleic (c ,c -9,12-octadecadienoic) acid. The major constituent of rosin acids is abietic acid. Uses of tall oil are tall oil rosin (31%, for paper size, protective coatings, adhesives, inks, and rubber), tall oil fatty acids (30%, in protective coatings, soaps, and inks), tall oil pitch (30%, in fuel, binders, coatings, rubber modifiers, asphalt, sizing, inks, and hardboard impregnation), and distilled tall oil (9%, in soaps, coatings, flotation, and board impregnation). 

In Chemical Manufacturing there is a subsector entitled Gum and Wood Chemicals (NAICS 3251911) that covers many of the miscellaneous chemicals that we have discussed here, including charcoal, tall oil, rosin, turpentine, and pine oil. The value of shipments is 960 million. The pulp... 

There are several materials that make up this category, including wood-derived tall oil rosins and pine stump extracts sold under the well known VinsoH trade mark. They consist of complicated mixtures containing greater or lesser amounts of abietic acid (Fig 3.2) together with pimaric acid, and phenolic compounds such as phlobaphenes. 

Considering their heat sensitivity, the separation of fatty acids and rosin with minimal degradation by fractional distillation under vacuum and/or in the presence of steam is surprisingly good (3). Tall oil rosin (TOR) contains about 2% fatty acid and small amounts of neutrals. Tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) contains as litde as 1.2% rosin and 1.7% neutrals. In typical U.S. TOFA, 49% of the fatty acids is oleic, 45% linoleic, and 3% palmitic, stearic, and eicosatrienoic acid. TOR and TOFA are upgraded to resins and chemicals for the manufacture of inks (qv), adhesives (qv), coatings (qv), and lubricants (see Lubrication and lubricants). 

Glycerol Ester of Tall Oil Rosin occurs as a pale amber-colored resin (color N or paler as determined by ASTM Designation D 509). It is produced by the esterification of tall oil... 

Hot-melt adhesives are usually used for box-sealing applications for coated paperboard products. Migration of mineral hydrocarbons from these adhesives into foods was investigated in a survey. No mineral hydrocarbons were detected but several other substances were present in the adhesives. These were proposed to be natural resins such as polyterpene resins, tall oil rosin esters, and sterol-like natural products.Examples of each of these natural products are described in ref. 13 as being used for hot-melt adhesives. 

There are three kinds at present. One is called gum rosin, which is obtained as the residue of the distillation of turpentine oil from pine resin, which is collected from pine woods. The second is called "wood rosin", which is obtained by extraction from chips of old pine stamps using a solvent. The third is the "tall oil rosin", which is obtained from the digester waste in the manufacture of kraft pulp. Rosin is produced in large amounts in America, Russia and China. At present wood rosin is mostly produced, and the tall oil rosin will gradually increase, but the production of gum rosin is decreasing. The most popular use of rosin is as size in paper production. 

Tall oil rosin production has recently been driven by demand for its co-product, tall oil fatty acid. United States production of tall oil rosin in 1994 was 265,000 metric tons, exceeding consumption by nearly 50,000 metric tons. Therefore, the rosin acid fraction of crude tall oil is an under-used byproduct in abundant supply, with attractive characteristics as a precursor to high value chemicals. Two components, abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid, con rise about 70% of the rosin acid fraction of tall oil. Therefore, it is a relatively single mixture, which is also a beneficial characteristic for its use as a feedstock. 

Hydroprocesstng reactions were carried out in a SOO-mL batch reactor. The reactor is charged with 4 g of a commercial sulfided NiMo catalyst, supplied by Haldor Topsoe, Inc. and Criterion Caulysts, and 40 g of tall oil rosin (Unitol NCY), supplied by Arizona Chemical. The reactor is first purged witii Nitrogen and then filled with... 

The chemical reactivities of gum, wood, and tall oil rosin are significantly different due largely to their respective compositions. Table I shows typical chromatographic analyses of the three types of rosin C12. 13). It is interesting to note that the gum rosin contains the least amount of the inert dehydroabietic acid among the three types of rosin, and as expected, it exhibits the greatest adduct potential toward a dieneophile such as maleic anhydride. 

The overabundance of one species of resin acid and the presence of neutral materials in a rosin affect its tendency to crystallize. One of the serious problems of tall oil rosin in the early days was its rapid rate of crystallization, making this type of rosin difficult to melt. A commonly used yardstick for keeping rosin and rosin derivatives from serious crystallization problems is to keep any one species of the isomers below 20% of the total. It is generally observed that gum rosin is the least crystallizable and tall oil rosin the most. Heat treatment or minor chemical modification greatly reduces the crystallization tendency of tall oil rosin. 

In addition to resin acids, rosin contains neutral materials and oxidized impurities. Tall oil rosin contains about 1-5% fatty acid and small amounts of sulfur compounds and phenolics. In tall oil pitch, which is the bottom fraction in the tall oil distillation process, besides residual amounts of rosin and fatty acids, a substantial amount of unsaponifiable matters has been identified and recovered as B-sitosterol (30). Gum rosin contains large amounts of neutrals that contribute to the typical odor and reduce its tendency to crystallize. The amount of neutral materials present in a rosin largely depends upon the location where the raw material originates and its processing conditions. 

Tall oil fatty acid readily undergoes isomerization and reduction to essentially all monoenoic acid in the presence of a catalyst and a hydrogen donor. The reaction is very similar to the rosin disproportionation discussed earlier. Since tall oil rosin and fatty acid are produced simultaneously, it becomes obvious that... 

NovaSize. [Georgia-Pacific] Tall oil rosin internal sizing agent... 

PentaL (Hercules] Gl erol ester cd tall oil rosin tiienm la resin for furniture lacquers, sanding sealers, inks, low-bake enamels, grease-resistant coatings. 

Sylvatac . [Arizona] Modifled tall oil rosin adhesive tacidfiers. 

Westvaco . [Westvaco] Tall oil rosins emulsifier for emulsion polymerization, rubber prod. 

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