Haldor-Topsoe

Hafnium and Hafnium Compounds, 73 Haifa Chemical Co. Ltd., 251 Haifa Chemical Company Ltd., 177 Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd., 171 Haldor Topsoe A/S, 154 Hall Chemical Company, The, 231... 

A silver-gauze catalyst is still used in some older processes that operate at a relatively higher temperature (about 500°C). New processes use an iron-molyhdenum oxide catalyst. Chromium or cohalt oxides are sometimes used to dope the catalyst. The oxidation reaction is exothermic and occurs at approximately 400-425 °C and atmospheric pressure. Excess air is used to keep the methanol air ratio helow the explosion limits. Figure 5-6 shows the Haldor Topsoe iron-molyhdenum oxide catalyzed process. 

Figure 5-6. The Haldor Topsoe and Nippon Kasel process for producing formaldehyde (1) blower, (2) heat exchanger, (3) reactor, (4) steam boiler, (5) absorber, (6,7) coolers, (8) Incinerator, (9) heat recovery, (10) methanol evaporator, (11) boiler feed water.

Figure 10.10. Turnover frequency of the S02 catalytic oxidation [mol S02 (converted)/mol V2Os/s] vs. the working electrode polarization for the VK-58 catalyst (Haldor Topsoe A/S) at 400°C.12 Reproduced by permission of the Electrochemical Society.

A related approach is to interface an industrial promoted catalyst with a solid electrolyte (Fig. 12.2). In this case the bulk of the commercial catalyst must be conductive. This concept has been already demonstrated for the case of NH3 synthesis on Fe-based promoted commercial catalysts (BASF S6-10 RED)16 and for the case of SO2 oxidation on V2O5-K2S2O7 based catalysts (Haldor-Topsoe VK-58).17... 

Figure 8.20. An ammonia plant capable of producing totally 2x1350 tons ammonia per day over 2x150 tons of catalyst. The immense size of the reactors is illustrated by the size of the people indicated by the arrow. (Courtesy of Haldor Topsoe AS.)...

The combined approach of removing both the sulfur and the NOx from the flue gas is called SNOX (Haldor Topsoe A/S) or DESONOX (Degussa). An example of the setup for this process is shown in Fig. 10.11, where 99% of the NOx is converted in the SCR reactor and the SO2 is converted into sulfuric acid. 

Figure lO.n. Schematic diagram of the SNOX process used to remove both SO2 and NOx from the flue gas. (Courtesy of Haldor Topsoe A/S.)... 

The authors are grateful to the Robert A. Welch Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the Phillips Petroleum Foundation, and Haldor Topsoe A/S (Denmark) for financial support. We express our thanks to the Exxon Research and Engineering Co. for measuring the solid state NMR spectra and the Shell Development Company for the ESCA measurements. Finally, we acknowledge the participation of Dr. Zinfer R. Ismagilov in part of the cyclohexane studies. 

Commercial VR HDT catalysts are provided by Albermarle, Axens, Criterion Catalysts and Technologies, UOP and Haldor Topsoe. These companies also provide zeolitic HCK catalysts, for both VGO and VR. 

The financial support by Russian Foundation of Basic Research ( 06-03-32914), NATO (SfP 982166) and ISTC (3424) is gratefully acknowledged. Konnov S. thanks Haldor Topsoe A/S for PhD fellowship. 

ATR(l) [Autothermal reforming] A process for making CO-enriched syngas. It combines partial oxidation with adiabatic steam-reforming. Developed in the late 1950s for ammonia and methanol synthesis. Further developed in the 1990s by Haldor Topsoe. 

MAS [Methanolo alcooli superiori] A process for making mixtures of methanol with higher alcohols, for use as gasoline extenders, developed by a consortium of Snamprogetti, Haldor Topsoe, and Anic. Piloted in a demonstration plant in Italy. 

REGENOX A catalytic process for oxidizing organic compounds in gaseous effluents. A modified version oxidizes chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons at 350 to 450°C without forming dioxins. Developed by Haldor Topsoe and first operated by Broomchemie in The Netherlands in 1995. See CATOX. 

RKN A process for making hydrogen from hydrocarbon gases (from natural gas to naphtha) by steam reforming. Developed by Haldor Topsoe in the 1960s as of 1975, 24 plants were operating. 

SBA-HT [Societe Beige de l Azote-Haldor Topsoe] A process for converting LPG to syngas rich in hydrogen. Two cracking processes are conducted in two zones of one... 

SNOX A combined flue-gas desulfurization and denitrification process. The NOx is first removed by the SCR process, and then the S02 is catalytically oxidized to S03 and converted to sulfuric acid by the WSA process. Developed by Haldor Topsoe and first operated at a power station in Denmark in the 1990s. 

SPD [Slurry phase distillate] A process for making diesel fuel, kerosene, and naphtha from natural gas. Developed by Sasol and first commercialized in South Africa in 1993. A joint venture with Haldor Topsoe for the further development and commercialization of the process was announced in 1996. Commercialization in Nigeria was announced in 1998. 

TIGAS [Topsoe integrated gasoline synthesis] A multi-stage process for converting natural gas to gasoline. Developed by Haldor Topsoe and piloted in Houston from 1984 to 1987. Not commercialized, but used in 1995 as the basis for a process for making dimethyl ether for use as a diesel fuel. 

WSA [Wet gas sulphuric acid] A process for recovering sulfur from flue-gases and other gaseous effluents in the form of concentrated sulfuric acid. It can be used in conjunction with the SCR process if oxides of nitrogen are present too. The sulfur dioxide is catalytically oxidized to sulfur trioxide, and any ammonia, carbon monoxide, and carbonaceous combustibles are also oxidized. The sulfur trioxide is then hydrolyzed to sulfuric acid under conditions which produce commercial quality 95 percent acid. Developed by Haldor Topsoe 15 units were commissioned between 1980 and 1995. See also SNOX. 

WSA-SNOX A combined flue-gas treatment process which converts the sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid and the nitrogen oxides to nitrogen. Developed by Snamprogetti and Haldor Topsoe, based on the WSA process. A large demonstration unit was under construction in 1989. 

Dimethyl ether is produced from natural gas via combined reforming and downstream DME synthesis. Technical data for a typical DME plant are based on information provided by Haldor Topsoe (personal communication, October, 2002) (see Table 7.15). 

Larsen, H.H. (1998). The 2400 MTPD Methanol Plant at Tjeldbergodden. Haldor Topsoe A/S. 1998 World Methanol Conference. Frankfurt, Germany. 

This chapter discusses the steps involved in the development and design of a new S02 oxidation catalyst VK69, which was introduced to the market in 1996 by Haldor Topsoe. The strategy and many of the methods are generally applicable to heterogeneous fixed bed catalysts, partly to fluid and slurry bed catalysts, and less relevant for homogeneous catalysts as found in organic synthesis and enzymatic reactions. 

This chapter describes the background, the strategy and the methods used at Haldor Topsoe in the 1990ies to develop and design a new commercial low-temperature sulphuric acid catalyst called VK69. 

Figure 3. The five variants of size and shape of sulphuric acid catalysts from Haldor Topsoe.

---